Friday, November 29, 2019

Gavin Macmillan as a Successful Entrepreneur

Each dawning day, we read or watch news about entrepreneurs who have managed to build successful businesses amidst unbelievable circumstances. Top in this list are prominent names like Bill Gates, Richard Brandon and Steve Jobs.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Gavin Macmillan as a Successful Entrepreneur specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, such incidences generate several questions about whether their success could be due to timing, luck or some other hidden factors. However, the reality that only a few individuals have succeeded signifies that they possess some intrinsic personality traits, which predisposes them towards success. For the case study, Gavin Macmillan possesses some key personality traits that endorse him as a successful entrepreneur. To begin with, Macmillan is highly innovative. Having succeeded in saturating mobile bartending market in Canada, he is thinking of expanding his busine sses to other regions by recruiting new faces in his franchises. Apparently, Macmillan realizes that his franchisee idea would only succeed if he shared it with other like minded individuals. Secondly, Macmillan is a very patient man. Even after failing miserably in the first trial lessons, he does not give up. Instead he comes up with new ideas. He realizes that entrepreneurship demands a great level of patience before one can yield positive results. Thirdly, Macmillan is exceptionally adventurous and this trait, albeit risky, might attract the desired results, if effectively executed. His idea of building a yacht with a helicopter pad on it is quite adventurous. Similarly, his flexibility enables him to change course when one idea proves to be untenable. For instance, when he realized that the initial idea attracted huge losses, he came up with a new idea. On the other hand, the perfectionist personality is a risky element in entrepreneurship. Macmillan must realize that not every thing is likely to go as planned especially while dealing with different players.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, Macmillan motivation can be classified as both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature. Macmillan motivation can be termed as intrinsic because he seems to have an internal desire to stretch his bartending ideas beyond unbelievable limits. The fact that he is willing to train new players indicates that he gains pleasure from bartending. This personal pleasure could be termed as intrinsic. On the other hand, Macmillan is in bartending business for money. Apparently, the main reason why he is willing put up with the slow process of exploring new territories is because he targets some monetary rewards. Macmillan dream of building a yacht appears like an untenable idea that may never be realized. Such an idea demands for a great level of skills and resou rces. However, by setting up such an enormous and unbelievable goal, Macmillan is likely to stay motivated even when events attest to be too challenging along the way. Moreover, this goal will apparently stretch his innovativeness to the maximum. He has to steer his businesses towards profitability in order to garner enough resources to fulfill the major goal. Contrastingly, although MacMillan seems like a goal orientated individual, there are some pitfalls, which may derail his vision. From the case study, we learn that the greatest hindrance to Macmillan success is poor time management. On this note, I would advice Macmillan to consider the element of time factor while setting up his goals. An effective timeline would enable Macmillan to keep proper track of his goals. Secondly, Macmillan needs to prioritize his goals to avoid confusion. For instance, he should decide whether to first complete training for new bartenders or to introduce the mobile bartending idea. On the same note , MacMillan ought to differentiate between long term and short term goals. This will enable him to evaluate whether the yacht goal is realistic or just a dream. This assessment on Gavin Macmillan as a Successful Entrepreneur was written and submitted by user Natalie Gillespie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

psychosynthesis Essays

psychosynthesis Essays psychosynthesis Essay psychosynthesis Essay Psychosynthesis When one thinks of therapy one for the most part automatically thinks that therapy deals with emotional problems that a person is trying to over come. However, there is another aspect of an individuals personality that also can be worked on during therapy, this aspect being the spiritual part of an individual. This type of therapy is known as psychosynthesis. In psychosynthesis, the goal or focus is for the individual to achieve synthesis, a coming together, of the different parts of an individual. Once a person has achieved a more cohesive self that person can then function in a way that s more life affirming and authentic (Kelder, 1993). The way that a person is able to achieve this more cohesive self is by taking into consideration that part of an individuals personality that deals with spirituality, which was mentioned earlier. This spiritual side ofa person or as some describes it as the higher, deeper, or transpersonal self is seen as a source of wisdom, inspiration, unconditional love, and the will to meaning in our lives (Kelder, 1993). The primary use of psychosynthesis is in the field of psychotherapy but because it is a technique that an be universally applied to many fields it now has found its way into education, management, organizational development, and politics. (Kelder, 1993). Psychosynthesis counseling is for short term, six-session to help people who have problems such as panic attacks, aggression, psychosomatic symptoms, phobias, eating disorders and depression. Psychosynthesis counselors also practice in crisis intermediate homes for drug offenders and delinquent adolescents. Whitmore, 2004, p. 157). Roberto Assagioli initiated psychosynthesis around 1910. Assagioli was an Italian sychiatrist as well was a member of the psychoanalytic group formed by Karl Jung in 1910. In his doctoral thesis he explored the possibilities of using analytical insight to understand human potential, inspiration and motivation. This human development approach is founded on the basic premise that we participate in an orderl y universe structured to facilitate the evolution of consciousness. An outcome is that each persons life has purpose and meaning within this wider context and that it is possible for the individual to discover this. The individual seeks to discover what onnects the to others and the world around them by exploring existential issues and experience of that world and focusing on the interpersonal relationship the individual has within that world (Loewenthal House, 2010, p. 117). In order to achieve this sense of clarity one must embrace change. Change is not achievable without self-knowledge. One must have the will to bring about transformation. The use of self- knowledge or will is the capacity for choice or the ability to direct the self. The therapist besides helping the individual fgure out what presently is holding hem back also ultimately has to help the individual figure out the fundamental relationship between them and the world around them (Loewenthal House, 2010, p. 116). The therapist does this through questioning, and through questioning the therapist is trying to reach the deeper meaning of what the individual is feeling or experiencing. Everything contains an element of the individuals psyche that is trying to come out and connect to the wider whole of the individual. By taping into the inner psyche the individual will experience the pain of the original wounding but this ime around there is tolerance and a greater sense that this aspect connects deep to who the individual is. While going through this process the relationship of therapist and individual deepens and there is mutual understanding and awareness, which will be explained in the first stage of psychosynthesis. Going back to the foundation of psychosynthesis, which is helping an individual become whole, this is done by bringing the unconscious to the conscious. A therapist has to bring forward the survival personalities, as well as the defense mechanisms, which will be explained during the stages of psychosynthesis. Once these are brought to the conscious the individual can change their behavior, attitude and be more accepting of them. The journey of psychosynthesis has been divided into four stages. (1) Thorough knowledge of ones personality, (2) control of the various elements of the personality, (3) realization of ones true Self- the discovery or creation of a unifying center, and (4) psychosynthesis, the formation or reconstruction of the personality around the new center (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 96). Even though these stages are presented in chronological order it does not imply that these stages happen in that order, the tages can happen out of order, it is Just that one stage is in t he foreground while the others are in the background. There is no set amount of time a person will remain in a particular stage so it can be a couple of minutes. A person is never fully done with a stage, regardless of how much growth a person goes through they never outgrow that these stages are not provided for the person going through therapy instead these stages are provided for the therapist, so the therapist does not lose grasp of the foundation of psychosynthesis which is providing empathy (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 96-97). Stage zero or the survival stages deals with experiences where we have felt trauma, neglect, rejection, and denial. That individual will experience primal wounding, which will be suppressed or repressed within the unconscious while creating survival strategies or survival personalities to avoid the pain that comes from those experiences, sometimes these survival personalities are created in our childhood. Those survival strategies, which later on we come to identify as who we are yet the true self remains buried. During this stage we feel some type of balance between comfort and security (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 8). Stage one is the stage known as Exploration; the importance of this stage is the establishing of a rapport between therapist and client (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 107). It is from this rapport that exploration will emerge on its own. The task of the therapist is to bring clarity to the conflicts and dilemmas we struggle with on a constant biases. These conflicts and dilemmas stem from our sub consciousness that the therapist has to bring into harmonious integration around a unifying center. The therapist is there to provide a true link, a point of connection between the personal man and his higher self. Because the therapist gives that spiritual empathy the person is able to start to separate from that survival mode and focus on what the real issue is. The therapist does not know where the client will take the session, they only know that they must be supportive and show empathy, the focus is the person not the theory (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 111). Stage two or the emergence of l the person is able to freely exercise the functions of consciousness and will. During this stage the individual can express via aspects of the personality rather than being unconsciously controlled by hem (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 15). Also in this stage the person can take more of an active role in their growth and partake in self-reflection. The persons reactions both emotional as well as cognitively are en expression of who l am and less of a reaction based on survival skills (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 1 16). Stage three is known as contact with self. During this stage the individual starts to try to find mea ning and purpose. Some can confuse this as exploration but these questions deal with the person is searching for self a more conscious self-realization (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 121). Psychosynthesis focuses on relationships, the relationship between therapist and client, the relationship with others but most importantly the relationship the individual has with themselves. During this stage the person will have more encounters with the authentic unifying centers. These unifying centers can be from human beings real and fictional, to inner symbols and outer environments, to formless intuitions and hunches, to religious and spiritual practices, to the arts and sciences, to animals and the natural world (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 122). The importance of mediation during the psychosynthesis process is key to this stage. By partaking in meditation the person is able to connect to these unifying centers that will allow the person to go beyond set patters and see new ideas and insight (Whitmore, 2004, p. 141). By focusing on one topic the mind can go deep and examine the different levels of meaning in a more subjective way to find intuitive enhances the effect of that image on the unconscious, and may assist in resolving inner conflicts and in transforming negative tendencies into positive ones (Whitmore, 2004, p. 142). The last step in psychosynthesis is when the person responds to self (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 3). Now that the client has a therapist who continuously shows them empathy, deepens their connection to unifying centers and starts to guide themselves they could start to respond to self in their lives by aligning themselves more to their nature and values. The person now makes choices to what seems true and right to them (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 133). The choices that are being made start a c onversation or a response between the person and a higher source. It is important to remember that everyone is on the search of self-realization we seek to find good (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 3). Counseling Journey that never ends, there is no point where the work is completed and the person will forever be happy. In psychosynthesis it is emphasized that self- realization is a process rather than an end-result. There will always potential, a next step for the client to achieve a higher sense of self-realization. Through counseling the individual builds her resources and learns how to work towards self-realization by making themselves more whole (Whitmore, 2004, p. 1 57). Firman, J. , Gila, A. (2010). Psychotherapy of love : Psychosynthesis in practice. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press. Retrieved from http:// site. ebrary. com/lib/liu/docDetail. action? doclD=10574134 Kelder, D. (1993). What is psychosynthesis?. Retrieved from http://two. not2. org/psychosynthesis/ps2. htm Loewenthal, D. , House, R. (2010). Critically engaging cbt. Berkshire, GBR: Open University Press. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/liu/docDetail. action? doclD=10413325 Whitmore, D. (2004). Psychosynthesis counseling in action. (3rd ed. ). London, GBR: SAGE Publications Inc. (US). Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Disparity in Use of Internet in One Country Essay

Disparity in Use of Internet in One Country - Essay Example Conversely, the great distinction of the unexpected increase of the phrase digital disparity is that it has placed the significant matter of inequity within the information community on the political and scholarly agenda. Growth of access in Internet within deprived regions is aided by groupings for public usage, like cybercafes, and internet kiosks or multiuse communal tele-centres (Rogers & Shukla, 2001). The cybercafe (or Internet cafe) notion has been effectively spread to underprivileged countries largely, because it coalesces a soundly priced accessibility to Internet through the comfortable setting of a coffee shop or a slab as well as the prospect to interact with fellow clients in addition to picking up fresh knowledge and concepts in internet usage. Internet disparity in Tanzania Tanzania, an amalgamation of Zanzibar and Tanganyika, is currently a multiparty self-governing state. Initially, it became sovereign from the United Kingdom in 1964. Conferring to the nationwide we bsite, 2.2 million of its citizens are jobless, nevertheless a good number of individuals are freelancers and majority of the labour is seasonal within the informal and agricultural sectors. Most people in Tanzania have different indigenous languages. Kiswahili has grown into Eastern Africa’s lingua franca besides; it is the formal language, conversed by each Tanzanian. Starting from secondary school, all tutoring is in English, which is the second endorsed language for Tanzanians (Mwesige, 2004). The dispersion of the digitization in Africa varies from one nation to another, hinging on each nation’s government regulatory, legal and policy frameworks, competition amid ISPs (Internet service providers), and... This paper stresses on surveys which show that the internet users’ financial ranking, embodied by their individual quantified monthly expenditure, displays a noteworthy and fascinating difference amid the urban/semi-urban and rural areas. The rural internet users have solely one third over the buying power as likened to other groups. Simultaneously, they spend nearly the equal amount of cash on cyber cafà © charges. One credible rationalization is due to informal economy within the rural, husbandry-based regions. Owing to a widespread barter economy, folks neither possess, nor require money as much as those within the urban areas. This is, obviously, a serious restraint to the expansion of commercial cyber cafà © industry to these regions. This report makes a conclusion that the users’ of internet are surprisingly unchanging in the three regions of centrality. However, some slight traces of variance exist among rural and urban Internet clienteles, in the manner that internet users turn out to be more â€Å"elite† within rural areas, where internet access is limited. Rural internet users are younger, better learned, and are eager to expend relatively more cash on Internet usage. They are, to some extent, using the internet for instrumental purposes such as information seeking and research. An additional apparent dissimilarity is the â€Å"gender disparity† – indicating that the segment of female internet users is substantially lower within rural areas. Studies reveal that the internet disparity within an evolving nation like Tanzania is primarily a matter of variances in the likelihood of accessing ICT and the Internet in urban and rural regions.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Advancements in Nanotechnology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advancements in Nanotechnology - Research Paper Example Both nanoscience and nanotechnology represent almost perfect fulfillment of contemporary science for a number of reasons. It has continuously been characterized as a "new Frontier" (Barben et al, 2008), an "emerging field", "emergent, highly interdisciplinary field," a "transdisciplinary research front" and a "rigorous scientific field" with "many signs of protodisciplinarity" (Milburn, 2004). It eradicates the limits between research and development and practical application as well as between science and engineering field, having formed at the intersection of several fields in science and engineering. Since the late 1990s nanotechnology has witnessed extensive investment and attention from corporate and governmental sectors as "a linchpin for creating economic wealth and solving a vast number of societal problems" (Barben et al., 2008, p. 982). Nanotechnology and nanoscience united efforts of governments, venture investors, NGOs, and small enterprises.Bainbridge (2004) explained th at there are two very different nanotechnology movements in existence today. One is closely tied to chemistry, physics and materials science, based in research institutions and working to create actual technical breakthroughs. The other is based largely in science fiction literature, but has a profound influence on the perspectives of people who are not scientists or engineers. Nanotechnology, according to N. Katherine Hayles (2004), has become a potent cultural signifier attracting scientific research, along with entrepreneurial interest, government funding and fictional speculation. It represents "not so much a theoretical breakthrough as a concatenation of previously known theories, new instrumentation, discoveries of new phenomena at the nano-level, and synergistic overlaps between disciplines that appear to be converging into a new transdisciplinary research front" (p.11). Nanotechnology is a relatively new field, but over the past decade it has already strongly influenced the reorganization of the disciplinary landscape of science and engineering worldwide (Schummer, 2007). It is an emergent field "taking form at the interstices of several fields of science and engineering" (Wajcman, 2008) (p. 816). Nanostructures have been studied in a variety of contexts throughout scientific history. Colloidal solutions, block copolymer microdomains, integrated circuits, scanning tunneling microscopes, the molecular and microstructure of steel and aluminum alloys, and the crystal structures of countless proteins and cellular structures provide just glimpses of the numerous nanostructures that chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and biologists have studied for decades (Ozin & Arsenault, 2005). Over the past decades, scientific investigations have grown increasingly broad and encompassing, with many research efforts relying on techniques and insights from neighboring fields to address ever more complex challenges and to pursue ever more enticing opportunities (Foster, 2009). Consequently, a new paradigm of truly interdisciplinary research has emerged that promises to accelerate the generation of knowledge not just at the nanoscale, but in the entire scientific endeavor. Whereas nanomaterials were before simply used and studied as a means to an end, now formally distinct communities of researchers have begun to study nanoscale phenomena as part of a dedicated research effort (Foster, 2009). Because nanoscience crosses such a wide range of disciplines, the challenges addressed, tools employed, and materials created are extensive. It is possible to create general distinctions based on a variety of classifications, though two methods

Monday, November 18, 2019

IB economics internal assessment portfolio Essay

IB economics internal assessment portfolio - Essay Example However, the proportion of investment to GDP remains relatively unchanged, during the period of higher economic growth. The service sector in China is growing exponentially, which is not accounted for while calculating the GDP and the sector plays a crucial role in Chinese economy. Consistently high investment rate in China implies high rates of domestic saving which are exceptional not only by international standards, but more particularly for an economy at China's level of per capita GDP. Gross domestic product is the total value of new goods and services produced in a given year within the borders of a country, regardless of by whom. It is "gross" in the sense that it does not deduct depreciation of previously produced capital, in contrast to Net domestic product. There is two ways of calculating GDP, i.e., Income approach and expenditure approach. The income approach takes into account the income earned by the citizen. Sometime it is more important than GDP if a country has much foreign direct investment and many foreigners work in the country. Although about 70% of its population lives in the rural area, China's economic growth depends very much on the rapid expansion of manufacturing and service sector rather than on the agriculture, except for the earlier phase of the 1980s. The value added of industrial sector has accounted for 45% of China's GDP, while that of agriculture only about 10% and still declines. This gives rise to growing rural urban income disparity. The inequality within China has had mainly spatial dimensions, in terms of growing income and consumption inequality between rural and urban areas as well as across regions. Aggregate demand curve is the graph of quantity demanded as a function of price, normally downward sloping, straight or curved, and drawn with quantity on the horizontal axis and price on the vertical axis. In macro economy, aggregate demand curve indicates the various quantities of goods and services that purchasers are willing to buy at different price levels. The aggregate is negatively related to price. The inverse relationship between price and the amount demanded of a specific commodity, reflects the fact that consumers turn to substitutes when a price increase makes a good more expensive. The aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because of wealth effect on the consumption, interest rate effect on investment and the exchange rate effect on the net export. The aggregate supply curve reflects how the price is determined given the aggregate demand to aggregate capacity. The short-run aggregate supply curve indicates the various quantities of goods and services that firms wil l supply at different price levels during the period immediately following a change in the price level. The aggregate supply curve is upward sloping because with an increase in output the price or inflation rate will increase. Changes in aggregate demand cause the curve to shift outward (to the right) or inward (to the left). Changes in aggregate supply cause the curve to shift outward (down) or inward (up). Meanwhile increase in output also indicates the increase in employment and thus the decrease in unemployment rate. The unemployment is an important problem of micro economic theory which is calculated by the ratio of unemployment to the total labour force. There is a significant relation between

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Motivations Of Greed In Civil War Politics Essay

Motivations Of Greed In Civil War Politics Essay Civil war is a form of conflict and security threats which causes poverty and impedes growth and development, Civil war is the most common form of massive violence and is highly destructive to society, life and the economy. James D. Fearon (2006) explained civil war to be a violent conflict between organized groups within a country that are fighting over control of the government, one sides separatist goals, or some divisive government policy, it is an intrastate war fought as a result of a rising insurgence against the government. Most writers believe that not all conflicts are civil war, for a conflict to be recorded as a civil war, 1000 people must have been killed with at least 100 from each side. Every society is characterized by certain degree of conflict over economic services, political and civil rights, access to social services and employment opportunity. These conflicts are triggered by discrimination against specific group, region, religion, social class, ethnicity or a c ombination of any of these factors (Murshed and Addison). Civil wars are characterized by wide spread losses of lives more of which are civilian women and children, cases of rape and lawless society as the state power falls, powers are only with those holding weapons during war. Civil war has a huge economic impact on a nations economy as most of the resources are directed to destruction, skills are lost and the damage on the infrastructure cripples economic development and activity. For instance the loss of electricity supplies during war hinders production activities and transportation, the uncertainty that war brings, discourages investment, studies have shown that countries grow at approximately 2.2 percent slower during war than during peace. (Heo, 2007, p.11) The impact of civil war is largely influenced by the nature of the countrys economy. Countries with strategic resources such as diamonds and oil would have a higher impact on global economy compared to countries with limited resources i.e. the conflict in Iraq reduced oil production and caused the international price of oil to increase. Civil war is much more common than international war; most conflicts have occurred within the confines of a sovereign state and put two or more groups against the government or against one another, (Heo, 2007 p.12 and Collier and Sambanis, 2005). Civil war has been a major conflict since World War II, especially after decolonization of the British empires in certain region i.e. Africa. Since 1990s, there have been a large body of research on the causes of civil wars, the most popular understanding of the causes of civil war and results analyzed by economist are termed Greed and Grievance. In this paper we are going to look at some civil war since post -world war II, causes of civil war and the greed and grievance cause of civil wars. Some Civil Wars since Post- World War II Civil wars have been a major conflict since World War II. A total of 225 armed conflicts from 1946 to 2001 were recorded of which 163 were conflict that occurred between the government of a state and internal opposition groups without the intervention from other states. According to Heo (2007), full scale civil war started in Costa Rica in March 1948, when President Teodoro Picado Michalski prolonged the transfer of power after he lost the presidential election; there was a war with an estimated death of 1,000. 1956 to 1959 Cuban communist revolution and civil war took place, 5,000 lives were lost during the war. The fighting in Lebanon between several religious and political factions took place in 1958 and ended in 1959 with 1,300 deaths. After independence in 1960, tensions between the Turkish minority and the Greek majority increased in Cyprus, inter communal conflict and civil war took place from 1963 to1967, an approximate of 1,000 people died, (Heo, 2007, P.2-3). Nigeria also experienced civil war in the late 1967, an intrastate conflict between the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra and the Nigerian military government (Uppsala). Another war returned to Lebanon in 1975 to 1976 between the Christians and the Muslims, an approximate of 60,000 people died, the war continued in Lebanon at irregular intervals with many serious violent outbreak until 1992. Uganda experienced civil war from 1981-1994, as the revolt against the government established after the overthrow of Major General Idi Amin grew, it was the precursor for the war in Uganda, the war caused more than 500,000 lives. The insurgence against the Papua New Guinea government which started in Bougainville island in1988 took many lives, this crisis originated as a result of the growing concerns over the operation of the Panguna gold mine and copper. War continued in Cambodia when the extreme communist group was overthrown in 1979 by Vietnam, the nature of the war changed when the Vietname se withdrew in1989, (Heo, 2007, 3-4). Civil war continued throughout the world at different time in different region, but is said to be more common in some regions particularly the developing Asia (east and south Asia and Oceania), they have had a very high incidence of war from 1950 -2001. Latin America also witnessed a severe conflict in the 1980s and former Soviet Union in the 1990s. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was more bloodshed in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. But by the end of the 1990s, more people were being killed in sub-Saharan Africas war than in the other parts of the world put together, (Croker et al, 2007). Source: Uppsala conflict data programme 18/02/2010 Causes of Civil War Data has shown that conflicts are more common in low income Africa; Collier (2007) developed the notion of the conflict trap to understand why conflicts are highly centered in low income Africa. This traps which are: natural resource trap, the trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors, the conflict trap and the trap of bad governance in a small country, shows how different economic, social and political factors make a country vulnerable to civil wars. Global data analyzed by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler covering forty years to understand why some country at most times have overcome civil war, and why others could not, they used statistical approach to see what factor in a society can trigger civil war; this includes social factors (like inequality, ethnic and religious composition of the society), politics (the level of democratic political rights), history (like decolonization time) and economic factors (Collier 2004). The most dominant of all are economic factors, according to Collier (2004), there are three factors that could trigger civil war; a countrys rate of growth, the level of income and structure. If a country is poor and is dependent upon natural resource exports, the country is likely to experience a civil. Africa is one region with such economic characteristics and explains the reason for the high rate of civil war in Africa. Africa also has a large ethnic difference as most of the wars are fought amongst ethnic group e.g. the hutu and the Tutsi war in Rwanda. These conflicts can be traced to the power structure created by the colonial rulers as they grouped long-feuding tribes under the same national identity. The power passed on from the colonial masters made one group to rule over the other group which later turned to severe inter-tribal rivalry and has now turned into conflict. As tribalism grew, the fight for central power and control of natural resources increased, this was the c ase of democratic republic of Congo, Angola, Liberia and Sierra Leone as their greed grew for the control of natural resources (Rupesinghe and Anderlini, 1998) The greed cause of civil wars The greed causes of civil war are common amongst countries with lootable natural resource and are dependent on these resources. Collier (2004), explained that these natural resources yield what is termed rents- meaning making more profits that are higher than the normal level needed. The selfish desire to control these natural resources creates a politics of corruption and a politics of violence as these natural resources can also be used to finance opportunistic rebellions. According to Collier (2004), there are six ways by which natural resource rents can increase the risk of violence, four of which involves political economy and the other two are straight economy. The political economy involves the struggle to control the revenues from the natural resources, these rent-seeking shifts public funds from its original purpose of achieving all the necessities for the supply of public goods, providing low or no social and economic infrastructure that the society needs. The society loses twice as other resources are used frivolously in the struggle for resource rents and the provision for public goods drops. Nigeria provides a good example of this kind of politics for oil rents. Natural resources can also cause civil war by detaching the government. This is because governments that are rich in natural resources do not need other tax revenue from their electorates, unlike in some societies where electors pay high taxes and they question the government on how the tax money is used. (No taxation without representation). But this is indeed not the same with countries rich in natural resources; the government is able to disregard the interest of the population (No representation without taxation). Some society believes that the resource rents does not belong to the common people, hence the detachment. Mobutu of Zaire is a striking example of this detachment. Natural resources also leads to secessionist political movements as the inhabitants of that area might feel that their resources are being embezzled by corrupt and alien elite. Most African secessionist war has often been associated with natural resources; Kanga, Biafra and Cabinda are examples of such wars. The last political route by which natural resources can advocate civil war is that it provides funds used to finance rebel groups. Leaders can purchase arms and also pay recruits from the revenue gotten from these resources. Rebel groups have access to natural resources in different ways. One is to protect the company or exporters, to have their own extractive businesses; another is the concession of natural resource rights in anticipation to finally have control over the territory. The gangs in the Niger delta region of Nigeria, the rebels of Laurent Kabila in Zaire, the RUF in Sierra Leone, and the Sasson-Nguesso in Congo Brazzaville, are examples of rebels financed from the proceeds of natural resources. The work of Fearon (2004) concludes that civil war resulting from coup or revolutions tends to be short because the technology for coup depends on the weakness of the security apparatus. Whereas civil war involving natural resources or land tends to last longer, it can also last long if rebel groups have access to contraband goods like cocaine. The grievance cause of civil war This is a popular view that rebels are motivated by genuine and intense grievance; rebels are heroes fighting for justice. Based on analysis, rebellions are seen as a form of organized violence; both parties to civil war have different explanations for their actions. The rebel organization hires a public relations firm to help push their explanation for their movement and the opposition party would also hire a public relation firm. Most explanation from rebels groups are usually what Collier (2007) called the litany of grievances against the government for its oppression, unfairness, and perhaps victimization. This victimization could be on some area of the population that the rebel organization represents. Rebel movements are driven by intense violence, by the intense conditions of the rebels or the group they represent (Cited in Crocker et al, 2007). Berdal and Malone (2000) explained that rebels litany or narratives as they may call it are based on four factors which are; first economic inequality this involves unequal distribution of income, unequal allocation and ownership of resources and assets, unequal distribution of resources and anything that has to do with increasing poverty rather than reducing it would provide a fertile ground for insurgency and readily available combatants, this case was common in central Africa (Berdal and Malone, 2000; Murshed and Addison). The second narratives of grievance is based on religious or ethnic hatred; this also depends on the ethnic and religious composition of the state (ethnic and religious diversity), civil war caused by ethnic and religious difference has always been based on power, where the other group does not want the other group to rule over them as a result of perceived discrimination in public office, this was the case of the Northern Nigeria and self proclaimed Biafra in th e late 1960s, the Tutsi superiority and the Hutus inferiority in Rwanda as they both struggled to gain a place in the emerging democratic institution of the country (Uppsala). This can also be mere religious hatred, the war in Lebanon 1975 to 1976 between the Christians and the Muslims, such religious conflicts are happening in Nigeria till now. The third narrative of grievance is based on lack of political rights; if a government of a state is perceived to be autocratic, people would want to overthrow the government and this result to war in the fight for democracy, the insurgency in Romania is often regarded as a fight for democracy. The final narrative of grievance is based on government economic incompetence; according to Berdal and Malone (2000) if a government is seen to inflict sufficient economic misery on its population, it may face an uprising. This was the case in Uganda in the early 1980s; this is usually a case of mismanagement and a fallen state, Latin America, the for mer Soviet Union has suffered economic mismanagements. Corruption in these countries has also helped fuel conflict and prolonged misery on the population. The failure of the government to provide the needs of its people and security could lead them to rely on more ethnic ties which can trigger civil war as they fight over economic resources (Berdal and Malone, 2000; Murshed and Addison pg. 5). The interaction of greed and grievance Government and rebel groups may exploit civilians in other to fight a war or may fight a war in order to exploit civilians. The misery inflicted on civilians gradually creates their own justification like in Sudan; the misery inflicted on the civilians strengthened the civilians. The idea of civil war provides a suitable disguise both for greed and grievance. Rebels are thought by some economist to be opportunist and their grievances are most times deliberately forged. Some economist use the term predators of productive economic activities they believe that rebels are not heroes fighting for a reasonable cause but lust for powers and loots. Rebels use war as a means to exploit civilians, they may hope for government to commit atrocities which give them an opportunity to fight for a true or false cause. This group including the government officials, soldiers, and traders uses conflict period as an opportunity to plunder, Democratic republic of Congo and former Yugoslavia only to name but two among many are examples of such practice. For most people, conflict time is a time for them to make more money apart from their usual salaries, during warfare; money is gotten from those whose lives are spared from being massacred. War time may also lead to inflation which is very profitable for some as there may be trade restrictions from government and only those officials who are able to infraction the law can have their businesses going but at a very high cost. On the other hand, there might be no trade restriction as the states power falls during conflict, goods like drugs which were not allowed to be traded in the state would be traded during war, Cambodia and Burma in Asia, Sudan, Angola, Sierra Leone, and Somalia in Africa, Colombia and Peru in Latin America. War may also bring about exploitation as people are threatened to work cheaply or for free, there were cases like this in Sudan and Burma (Berdal and Malone, 2000 p. 29-30). It is very obvious that not all griev ance are true, some are just an end to a means. Conclusion Greed and grievance do play a major role in contemporary civil war, but one cannot truly measure between greed and grievance. Both greed and grievance work simultaneously to trigger civil, they both interact no matter which comes first greed or grievance the other follows, this is to say that greed triggers grievance and grievance triggers greed. Civil wars motivated by greed can be followed by genuine grievance as rebels fight for justice. people who do well out of war will not be particularly concerned at restoring peace while those who do not do well or are hurt badly will have an interest in restoring peace. As individuals in pursuit of different goals and objectives, there would always be a misunderstanding and conflict in one form or the other, Institutions have emerged to resolve civil conflicts and restore peace. Greed and grievance would therefore be irrelevant as long as these institutions called the social contract exist (Murshed).In Africa, conflict has helped bring about slow growth, poverty and underdevelopment, especially countries with natural resources which according to Fearon James are the reasons for the last longing conflicts in such countries especially in Africa. Countries should work hard to have strong institutions to restore peace within their state and international level as economic development is somewhat dependent on the level of peace and tranquility within the state.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Three Deaths in Hintons The Outsiders Essay -- The Outsiders

During the course of the novel â€Å"The Outsiders† there are three linked deaths that change the relationships between the Curtis brothers in many different ways. The soc, Bob Sheldon, dies first. When Ponyboy and Johnny flee after Darry hit Ponyboy they run into their rivals Bob and his best friend Randy Adderson. Bob takes Ponyboy and starts drowning him until Johnny gets his switchblade out and kills Bob. After this, Johnny dies. Dally (a greaser with a criminal record) sends Ponyboy and Johnny to an abandoned church so they can hide after what they did. When they go to leave after a few days, the church catches on fire with a few elementary school kids trapped inside, so they go into the church to save them. When Johnny gets the last kid out, a piece of the roof falls on his back, breaking it. The last death is Dally. After Johnny dies, Dally goes crazy and robs a store. The police chase him and shoot him down because he pulled out a gun at them. As you can see at the beg inning of the novel, the brothers are constantly getting into arguments about stupid little things, but after Darry hits Ponyboy, things change. After these deaths, Ponyboy’s grades start dropping and he starts to lose sight of himself. Him and Darry get into many more arguments until Sodapop Curtis tells them to promise to stop arguing because it’s tearing him apart. They both agree and it makes their relationship really strong at the end of the novel. Although the Curtis brothers do not have a close relationship at the beginning of the novel, after experiencing the deaths of Bob, Johnny, and Dally, it makes their relationship stronger. The first death that occurs is of Bob Sheldon. After Ponyboy comes home from a late light with some of the soc girls, Darry ... ...n they are in the hospital when Johnny, Ponyboy and Dally return from Windrixville and Johnny is dying. Ponyboy realizes that Darry does actually care about him; he is just strict because he wants him to be better. At that point Ponyboy thinks that everything is going to be all right because he understands Darry now, but it just goes back to normal with all of the arguing. Finally Sodapop steps in after Dally dies and everyone is sad and feeling helpless. He tells Darry and Ponyboy to promise to never argue again because he doesn’t like it, and they agree. All of these conflicts in the novel â€Å"The Outsiders† started with Darry hitting Ponyboy in the face. This lead to many different relationship problems between the Curtis brothers and three deaths that made the relationship very strong. Work Cited Hinton, S. E. The Outsiders. Puffin: New York, 1997. Print.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Health Administrator Essay

Terminology[edit]Health systems management or health care systems management describes the leadership and general management of hospitals, hospital networks, and/or health care systems. In international use, the term refers to management at all levels.[1] In the United States, management of a single institution (e.g. a hospital) is also referred to as â€Å"Medical and health services management†[2] â€Å"Healthcare management† or Health Administration. It ensures that specific outcomes are attained, that departments within a health facility are running smoothly, that the right people are in the right jobs, that people know what is expected of them, that resources are used efficiently and that all departments are working towards a common goal. Hospital administrators[edit]These are individuals who act as the central point of control within hospitals. These individuals may be previous or current clinicians, or individuals with other backgrounds. There are two types of administrators, generalists and specialists. Generalists are individuals who are responsible for managing or helping to manage an entire  facility. Specialists are individuals who are responsible for the efficient operations of a specific department such as policy analysis, finance, accounting, budgeting, human resources, or marketing. [3] Whether better administrators come from within or outside of the health profession is a matter of current debate.[citation needed] Training and Organisations[edit]Associated Qualifications[edit]Health care management is usually studied through healthcare administration[4] or healthcare management[5] programs in a business school or, in some institutions, in a school of public health. Although many colleges and universities are offering a bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration,[6] a master’s degree is considered the â€Å"standard credential†[7] for most health administrators in the United States. Research and academic-based doctorate level degrees, such as the PhD in Health Administration and the Doctor of Health Administration, prepare health care professionals to turn their clinical or administrative experiences into opportunities to develop new knowledge and practice, teach, shape public policy and/or lead complex organizations. There are multiple recognized degree types that are considered equivalent from the perspective of professional preparation. The Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME) is the accrediting body overseeing master’s-level programs in the United States and Canada on behalf of the United States Department of Education. It accredits several degree program types, including Master of Health Services Administration (MHSA), Master of Business Administration in Hospital Management (MBA-HM), Master of Health Administration (MHA), Master of Public Health (MPH, MSPH, MSHPM), Master of Science (MS-HSM, MS-HA), and Master of Public Administration (MPA). Professional Organizations[edit]There are numerous professional associations related to health systems management, which can be subcategorized as either personal or institutional membership groups. Personal membership groups are  joined by individuals, and typically have individual skill and career development as their focus. Larger personal membership groups include the American College of Healthcare Executives, the Healthcare Financial Management Association, and the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Institutional membership groups are joined by organizations; they typically focus on organizational effectiveness, and may also include data-sharing agreements and other best-practice sharing vehicles for member organizations. Prominent examples include the American Hospital Association and the University Healthsystems Consortium. History[edit]In the United States, the first modern health systems management program was established in 1934 at the University of Chicago.[8] At the time, programs were completed in two years – one year of formal graduate study and one year of internship. In 1958, the Sloan program at Cornell University began offering a program requiring two years of formal study,[9] which remains the dominant structure in the United States and Canada today (see also â€Å"Academic Preparation†). Health systems management has been described as a â€Å"hidden† health profession [10] because of the relatively low-profile role managers take in health systems, in comparison to direct-care professions such as nursing and medicine. However the visibility of the management profession within healthcare has been rising in recent years, due largely to the widespread problems developed countries are having in balancing cost, access, and quality in their hospitals and health systems.[11] See also[edit]Master of Health Administration Upsilon Phi Delta American College of Healthcare Executives Nosokinetics References[edit]1.Jump up ^ â€Å"World Health Organization – Management†. 2.Jump up ^ â€Å"Bureau of Labor Statistics†. 3.Jump up ^ â€Å"Health Care Administrator†. Retrieved 11 September 2012. 4.Jump up ^ â€Å"healthcare administration† 5.Jump up ^ â€Å"healthcare management† 6.Jump up ^ â€Å"Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Healthcare Administration†. 7.Jump up ^ â€Å"Bureau of Labor Statistics – Occupational Outlook Handbook entry†. 8.Jump up ^ â€Å"University of Chicago – Graduate Program in Health Administration and Policy†. 9.Jump up ^ Stevens, R. (1999). â€Å"In sickness and in wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century.† Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 10.Jump up ^ Haddock, C. C., & McLean, R. D. (2002). â€Å"Careers in Healthcare Management: How to Find your Path and Follow It.† Chicago: Health Administration Press. 11.Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006). â€Å"Rising health costs put pressure on public finances, finds OECD.† Retrieved January 20, 2009 from the OECD Web site: http://www.oecd.org/document/37/0,3343,en_2649_201185_36986213_1_1_1_1,00.html External links[edit]American College of Healthcare Executives Association of University Programs in Health Administration Healthcare Financial Management Association Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society Healthcare Leadership Alliance Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH) An e-book collection of over 1,000 books spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University’s Mann Library. Includes several hundred works on hospital administration—particularly hospital nutrition—in this period, itemized in a specific bibliography. Journal of Health Administration Education MHA Guide – Directory of Health Administration Programs Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – Reviews of health systems World Health Organization – ‘Making Health Systems Work’ series

Saturday, November 9, 2019

The Decline of The Islamic Empire essays

The Decline of The Islamic Empire essays There was once an immense empire known as the Roman Empire, it was once the dominant force in Europe and had almost complete control of Europe. The Roman Empire had 55 rulers overall. The empire had an excellent government but they had trouble with keeping a ruler. In fact about three-fourths of the Roman Empires rulers were assassinated. Rome also had many virulent rulers who contributed to the fall of this gargantuan empire. When this empire collapsed it left a large hole for the Islamic tribes to freely fill. There was no competition so it was like a vacuum and sucked the Islam into its place, and since there was no competition the Islamic tribes quickly and easily spread across the vast area that the Roman Empire left. They were assisted by their military, which was pretty powerful, good economy and very rapid and huge population growth. They prosper and live life very nicely then things begin to go really bad and the Islamic Empire starts its decline because of the three things: the military, the economy, and demographically. The powerful military was the main ingredient in the Islamic Empires success, and it also helped the decline of the Empire. Muhammad the Prophet, the founder of Islam, drew Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula to Islam by his forceful personality, the promise of salvation for those who died fighting for Islam, and the lure of fortune for those who succeeded in conquest. The warriors of the Islamic Empire had a very strong will to win. They fought for fortune and prosperity and that is what they got. The Arab warriors fought until the enemy said there were no god but Islam. They outsmarted the opposition and fought with intelligence rather than brute strength. The normal warrior was equipped with light armor, just enough to protect their vital parts. On the other hand the Europeans used very heavy armor that weighed about 60 pounds, this was a disadvantage for the Europeans. Since the Islamic warrio...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Data Definition and Examples of Data in Argument

Data Definition and Examples of Data in Argument In the Toulmin model of argument, data is the evidence or specific information that supports a claim. The Toulmin model was introduced by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book The Uses of Argument (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1958). What Toulmin calls data is sometimes referred to as evidence, reasons, or grounds. Examples and Observations: Challenged to defend our claim by a questioner who asks, What have you got to go on?, we appeal to the relevant facts at our disposal, which Toulmin calls our data (D). It may turn out to be necessary to establish the correctness of these facts in a preliminary argument. But their acceptance by the challenger, whether immediate or indirect, does not necessarily end the defense.(David Hitchcock and Bart Verheij, Introduction to Arguing on the Toulmin Model: New Essays in Argument Analysis and Evaluation. Springer, 2006) Three Types of Data In an argumentative analysis, a distinction is often made between three data types: data of the first, second and third order. First-order data are the convictions of the receiver; second-order data are claims by the source, and third-order data are the opinions of others as cited by the source. First-order data offer the best possibilities for convincing argumentation: the receiver is, after all, convinced of the data. Second-order data are dangerous when the credibility of the source is low; in that case, third-order data must be resorted to.  (Jan Renkema, Introduction to Discourse Studies. John Benjamins, 2004) The Three Elements in an Argument Toulmin suggested that every argument (if it deserves to be called an argument) must consist of three elements: data, warrant, and claim.The claim answers the question What are you trying to get me to believe?it is the ending belief. Consider the following unit of proof: Uninsured Americans are going without needed medical care because they are unable to afford it. Because access to health care is a basic human right, the United States should establish a system of national health insurance. The claim in this argument is that the United States should establish a system of national health insurance.Data (also sometimes called evidence) answers the question What have we got to go on?it is the beginning belief. In the foregoing example of a unit of proof, the data is the statement that uninsured Americans are going without needed medical care because they are unable to afford it. In the context of a debate round, a debater would be expected to offer statistics or an authoritative quotati on to establish the trustworthiness of this data. Warrant answers the question How does the data lead to the claim?it is the connector between the beginning belief and the ending belief. In the unit of proof about health care, the warrant is the statement that access to health care is a basic human right. A debater would be expected to offer some support for this warrant.  (R. E. Edwards, Competitive Debate: The Official Guide. Penguin, 2008) Data would be counted as premises under the standard analysis.  (J. B. Freeman, Dialectics and the Macrostructure of Arguments. Walter de Gruyter, 1991) Pronunciation: DAY-tuh or DAH-tuh Also Known As: grounds

Monday, November 4, 2019

Travel Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Travel Motivation - Essay Example With the changes in the structure of the society, more purchasing power in the hands of the people, rightly associated with more stress, tourism worldwide has grown beyond proportions. It is now declared as an industry like any other industry. Motivation has always been an important consideration in the field of tourism (Pearce & Lee, 2005). Motivation is seen as the driving force behind all actions. Travel motivation is challenging because of the different human needs. The purpose of travel is no more just business or pleasure. The tourist visitation patterns and the result of a destination choice pattern are influenced by the tourists’ motives and backgrounds. Tourist motivation can be defined "as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behavior and experience" (Pearce, Morrison & Rutledge, 1998 cited by Espinoza). A desire for novelty and difference, the curiosity to remove the myths about exotic pl aces gives tourism a boost. Tourism ranges from Jerusalem to Bangkok and shapes politics, creates identities, and manufactures history. Today we hear of spiritual tourism, health tourism, nature tourism, casino tourism, sex tourism, dark or grief tourism, sustainable tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, space tourism and heritage tourism. This paper will discuss how different forms of tourism have come into existence to meet different needs of the tourists especially in the context of New York as a tourist destination. Market segmentation in the tourism industry is based on travel motivation factors. A study conducted on Switzerland as a destination revealed that the number of leisure trips that any person undertook and the duration of the trips have reduced. These have been related to significant time constraints in certain segments of the traveling public. This is an indication that Switzerland’s travel market has entered the maturity stage. It also demonstrates that

Saturday, November 2, 2019

What do the sounds in White Noise foreshadow Essay

What do the sounds in White Noise foreshadow - Essay Example This may mean his work has enhanced his art to, a significant level, or his work has accomplished larger commercial achievement than his previous works. This paper analyzes the significance of sounds in White Noise. White Noise made tremendous sales and got terrific reviews all through the career of Don DeLillo. It is straightforward to understand the reasons that made it one of the best fictional works of the time. A number of factors contributed to its superior position over other similar works. They include its crafty satire of academia, advertising, and television, its letter-perfect illustration of the sights and sounds of malls and supermarkets, its ironically humorous structure of the post nuclear household, and expression of events that strongly relate with contemporary Americans. In addition, Don DeLillo has focused more on the need for association between the world, the national communities and the self, survival and the subtle, and culture, than with character. People are technologically oriented, and elements of nature entangled in the riddle of history, therefore, the superhero, the outlaw and the notion of man against other elements exist as fiction in the contemporary world (DeLillo 6). DeLillo’s work illustrates a form of intelligence and suspense, a feeling of the tight-drawn net and widening gyre. White Noise is a story based on a professor of Hitler studies, Jack Gladney, in an institution, in America. The life of the professor with his family is pervaded by the ubiquitous complain of technological advancements. The radio and television offer constant commercials and commentary. This helps unite Jack’s family with the other parts of America in a significant cover of consumerism. The professor is enjoying his life, only indistinctly traumatized by the concern of his ultimate death (DeLillo 8). This changes when a chemical discharge emits a dark cloud of insecticide elements. The in the air poisonous condition makes the professor and his family leave their home. John and his family’s peaceful life are interrupted, in spite, the permission to return to their home one week after the toxic event. His contact with the toxic event makes him concentrate on the probability of his looming death. In addition, her fourth wife is also affected by her concern over death. A possible solution for their fear of death is in the form of medicine that guarantees to deal with the fear of death, Dylar. Jack turns to tremendous solutions to lessen his pain when the medication is unsuccessful. The hum of technology continues to engross Jack all through his troubles. The book is more than a deliberation on death. White Noise is a reflection of the impact of commercialism and technological activities on an individual’s everyday life. The professor is not afraid of his natural demise. It is only after Jack has contact with a manmade disastrous event that he is worried of his unnatural death. The toxic activities seem t o remove excitement about life. The author shows that the white noise engrossing Jack had started to demean his survival. The toxic events make jack conscious of demeaned existence (DeLillo 117). The professor’s associations are characterized by technologically related activities. The ease and comfort provided by all the gadgets encircling John and his family is attractive but dulling in the long run. It conceals the line between projected situations and