Society Meursault Relationship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1376 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Literature Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Tags: Relationship Essay Did you like this example? Statement of intent: This assignment is based on Albert Camus The Outsider. One of the classic examples of an existentialist novel, The Outsider tells the story of an unremarkable man, living a simple, bachelor existence in Algeria. He is unmoved by his mothers death, and a day after begins a love affair with Marie Cordona. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Society Meursault Relationship" essay for you Create order He soon after becomes involved in a violent murder and is placed on trial. Because of his refusal to lie and give in to societys demands (pretending to feel grief and remorse), he eventually condemns himself and is put to death. In this assignment I wish to convey Marie Cordonas feelings about Meursault and her view of his case. Marie is a simple, uncomplicated girl who enjoys life, appears to fall in love easily, wants to marry Meursault and live a normal life. Though she is slightly shocked when Meursault tells her that his mother died only a day before their meeting at the pool, she does not rethink spending time with him or watching a comedy with him. Like Meursault, Marie takes pleasure in physical contact; she often kisses him and enjoys the act of sex. However, Meursaults affection for Marie is purely physical while her affection for him evokes a deeper sentimental and emotional attachment. At first she doesnt understand Meursaults character and is taken aback by his ind ifference of love: She asked me if I loved her. I told her that it didnt mean anything but that I didnt think so. She looked sad. When Meursault expresses the same attitude towards marriage, again she is confused However, though she may be disappointed, she never considers ending the relationship or does not rethink her desire to marry him and indeed, throughout the novel I believe she starts to gain an acceptance of his behaviour, an understanding perhaps. Her attraction towards him seems, in fact, to stem from the fact that she is intrigued by his persona, his strange behavior seems to be part of his appeal for her She mumbled that I was peculiar, that that was probably why she loved me but that one day I might disgust her for the very same reason. Marie remains loyal to Meursault when he is arrested and put on trial, she visits him in prison and writes him letters and then testifies in his favor during the court case. She remains faithful and hopeful and imagines a life onc e Meursault is let out: she was still smilingshe shouted again, Youll get out and well get married! Marie never expresses appall or anger towards Meursault or his actions, she never doubts that he is an innocent man and that the crime he committed does not reflect his true self: Marie burst into tears and said it wasnt like thatshe knew me and I hadnt done anything wrong However, because Marie stays hopeful throughout, she never reaches the understanding Meursault attains at the end. While Meursault realizes and accepts the indifference of the universe, Marie never understands the redemptive value of abandoning hope, and her hope is therefore shattered when Meursault is eventually put to death. For the purpose of this assignment, it has been imagined that there were some sort of funeral proceedings after Meursaults execution. After all, though his strange behaviour remained a mystery to most that surrounded him, many did not judge him and accepted him as he was, knowing that, despite his actions he was not an evil man, nor did he have a criminal mind. By assuming that there were funeral proceedings, a situation is created where a eulogy from the perspective of one of the people of Meursaults close entourage wouldve been spoken out. Marie, having been intimately involved with him and having been one of those who observed and tried to analyse him, seems to be an appropriate choice for this task. A eulogy should be personal; it shares happy memories, tells anecdotes and describes the persons character. It also aims to express the values that were important to the deceased, highlights accomplishments and career or educational merits. The aim of this assignment is therefore to do this from Maries point of view, about Meursault. The eulogy: I once asked Meursault if he loved me. It doesnt mean anything he replied, but I dont think so. One would naturally feel offended by such a response, and I wasat first. But I soon came to understand that this was Meursault. This was Meursault in his all his splendor and it is for this peculiar nature of his that I believe I was attracted to him, loved him even. I first met Meursault when I was working as a typist in the office where he worked. He had always struck me as handsome young man, charming and somewhat mysterious. We had connected and enjoyed each others company. However it was short lived as I soon found a job elsewhere and left the company. I had not seen him for several months when we bumped into each other at the bathing station at the port It is true that I wouldnt have thought for a single moment that his mother had died only a day earlier; we spent a wonderful afternoon swimming and enjoying the sun together, I was happy, he was happy, and we just felt s o comfortable around each other that we engaged in a relationship that very day. I was slightly taken aback when he told me his mother had died the day before, and it didnt seem natural that he would he take me out to see a Fernandel film after such an event, but I must admit that I had soon forgotten about it. After all we were both just two young people, enjoying an easy life, a life that, for Meursault, in spite of everything had not really changed. So why were we to deprive ourselves? Meursault was an intelligent man, though not ambitious. He valued his simple yet exotic life, over a wealthier career opportunity in Paris. He enjoyed the simple pleasures in life; lazing on the beach, swimming in the sea, going to cinemas It is always something I loved about spending time with him, I always felt carefree, relaxed, beautiful. I could always be myself around him, he never judged or complained. Ill miss our beach excursions, our romantic nights to the cinema, and our playful ad ventures in the sea. Meursault was uninterested in grieving death, proposing marriage, loving even. But he had a passion for something I believe to be much more admirable. Honesty was what I valued most in him. He was an honest man, purely and sometimes painfully, and maybe he did not love me in the conventional sense of the word, but he was in love with something much greater, something our society today seems to value less and less; Meursault was stubbornly yet admirably in love with truth. I still remember visiting him at the prison; I was so full of hope and blind determination that when it would all be over, we would be married, and we would go swimming again, we would enjoy life together. Maybe I thought the jury would be able to see the man he really was, the man I knew, and would spare him. Yes, he did kill a man. Yes, he never showed grief for his mothers death. But he was no murderer. He was a criminal only to our societys rules and codes of conduct. Is it wrong n ot to pretend grief? Not to pretend remorse? Love? In this conventional society yes; pretending and lying would have saved Meursault. But he was true to himself, he refused to be a hypocrite and pretend to emotions he did not feel and for that I believe he cannot be blamed. Unfortunately it is for that reason that he was condemned and that he is no longer here with us today. But I hope that all of you gathered here now, think of him like I do, not as a murderer, not as a criminal, but as a man who, without any heroic pretensions, agreed to give his life for the truth. And for this I believe he deserves our respect and admiration. Meursault, je taime.

The U.s. And Wwi - 1406 Words

Chase Blevins Final Exam Essay The U.S. WWI The Great War, or World War I as it has become known as, changed the world in the way everyone had known it to be up until the war started. In June 1914, a nationalist from Serbia assassinated the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassination was the first of many events that led to the beginning of the First World War. The war caused a great change in the American stance in the world; it caused the world power nation to turn into a superpower. With the war came the weapons race. None of the countries involved were quite prepared for the large magnitude the war would cause, and all the guns, ammunition, ships, tanks, uniforms, etc. each nation would need for their troops to survive and to have a chance at winning the war. When the Austro-Hungarian heir was assonated, the nation declared war on Serbia. Serbia was allies with Russia, who in turn declared war on Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary was allies with Germany who declared war o n Russia. France who was allies with Russia declared war on Germany. Finally Great Britain decides to declare war, and now, most of the major nations in the western hemisphere are at war, creating the First World War. The United States remained neutral at first, and tried to continue trading with nations on both sides of the war. The war had such a drastic affect on the world economy, that even though the United States was not at war at the time,Show MoreRelatedU.s. Honors Pre Wwi1668 Words   |  7 PagesChandni Rajesh Mr. LeRoy Honors U.S. History (4A) 10/19/15 U.S. Honors Pre-WWI 1. Bismarck s foreign policy was entirely based on preserving his power and Germany’s throughout Europe. After 1870 he was against the idea of expanding Germany and believed that the country was â€Å"satiated.† Instead, Bismarck wanted to keep the peace among European countries rather than engaging in war, therefore keeping Germany safe from attack. He planned to do this through the use of gaining european alliances whichRead MoreThe Gravitational Pull into WWI-U.S Involvement720 Words   |  3 PagesThe threat of economic instability influenced the U.S to get into WW1. The U.S had loaned money to allies in Europe for the three years that the war had been going on. Trade with the Allies had increased from $825 million in 1914 to 3.2 billion in 1916, as trade with Britain went up, trade with Germany and Austria went down to nearly nothing as Document (B)’s graph sufficiently shows. Britain was more than three billion dollars in debt to the U.S. If Britain loses the war; that would mean the economyRead MoreU.s. Honors Pre Wwi Homework1418 Words   |  6 PagesRia Anand Mr. LeRoy US History Honors 4A 23 October 2015 U.S. Honors Pre-WWI Homework 1. 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One of the handguns used during WWI by the United States was the M1917 RevolverRead MoreThe Diversity Of Art Development1689 Words   |  7 Pages† once said Richard Holbrooke, an American diplomat. Many people worldwide agree with Mr. Holbrooke, believing WWI to be a waste of human lives. Known for its ridiculous start fueled by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, its huge impact on numerous countries earned it the title of the Great War. Though many people considered it a pointless war with many negative repercussions, WWI did lead to some positive outcomes, such as its art. Not only were new movements created, but also new styles ofRead MoreWorld War I Was Not Inevitable1681 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said Richard Holbrooke, an American diplomat. Many people worldwide agree with Mr. Holbrooke, believing WWI to be a waste of human lives. Known for its ridiculous start, fueled by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, and its huge impact on numerous countries earned i t the title of the Great War. Though many people considered it pointless and as a war with many negative repercussions, WWI did lead to some positive outcomes, such as its art. Not only were new movements created, but also new stylesRead MoreWar : The War Of American Citizens, And For The Security Of The American Republic1679 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause it gave me a set outlook on the WWI without looking into the details. Because of this, my childhood fantasy view of this war incorrectly led me to assume the simplicity of the contents of the Great War. Furthermore, World War II also overshadowed my interest in WWI and I set to balance out my knowledge of them. I will allude to my young world view throughout the essay because I have changed my views since then with the help of learning history. 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The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(193) " chief theories pointed by different writers on the subject are the soaking up theories and the mechanical blocking theories \( Emmons et Al, 1994 ; Santos et Al, 2007 ; Maerz et Al, 2001 \) \." Concrete fix can be defined as the act of regenerating, reconstructing, or replacing of any concrete or concrete surfaces after initial arrangement ( Smoak et al, 2002 ) . In general, the demand for concrete fix can originate from different causes which may change from minor concrete holes or cracks- such as ensuing from minor imperfectnesss due to snap-tie holes or she-bolt holes, to major amendss ensuing from external factors or structural failures. In pattern, it is found that the bulk of the defects can be repaired or made good, while in some instances it is frequently found that the rebuilding of the single member or construction is frequently economical ( Allen et al, 2005 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is agreed in general that the protection and the fix of the concretes are complex undertakings which requires particular attending and incorporate cognition of different specializer Fieldss. Due to the explosive growing of economic systems around the universe and due to the increased investing in substructures ( particularly in footings of care, Restoration and fix ) in the recent old ages, the fix and protection of concrete constructions has become a major subject of both scientific and economic involvement. As a consequence, the building industry has faced many challenges and demands. Underneath these demands lies the fact that the concrete construction deteriorate over clip at unbearable rates. As such, it is extremely necessary to develop the ways by which the life of the concrete constructions can be increased. There is besides a demand for appropriate tools and techniques to transport out the undertaking of fix and care of the concrete constructions within the limited budgets available. It is besides of import to see the importance of environmental conditions to which the concrete constructions are exposed while sing the tools and techniques employed for the fix of the constructions. The field of concrete fix calls for the integrated cognition ( expertness ) of different scientific Fieldss. The basic thought behind this fact is that the edifices or the concretes are confronting different environmental or external conditions and around the universes, the field pose many challenges to both the academe and the practicians likewise. Added to this, the fact that many edifices have their ain history and nature, it becomes necessary to develop and implement single schemes and solutions for the protection, fix and care of concretes. As a consequence of these complications, different basic schemes and solutions has been developed of the fix of the concrete constructions ( Raupach, cited in Alexander et Al, 2009 ) . This highlights the fact that this country requires knowledge from different Fieldss and that the sphere of the topic is more of interdisciplinary in nature. 2.2.1 The pattern of concrete Repair: There are different criterions to which the pattern of fix of the concrete should be carried out. EN 1504 provides 43 methods to mend and protect the concrete constructions which are based on 11 different rules. However, it is by and large recommended that the interior decorator can take the appropriate solution depending on different conditions like the economical and proficient considerations ( Alexander et al, 2009 ) . It has besides been recommended in the old surveies that while choosing the optimum methods for different state of affairss, the interior decorator should look into in item the particular inquiries such as the needed degree of care, lastingness, and the sustainability ( ibid ) . Many writers have based their plants on the subject of concrete fixs ( Wall and Shrive, 1998 ; Kuhlmann, 1990 ; Plum, 1990, etc ) . Though there are many methods or criterions sing the concrete fixs, it can besides be noted that there is no standard design specification for the fix of the concretes. It can be argued from an beginning that a proper apprehension of why the spots fail could perchance cut down the figure of failures. However, due to the absence of standard design process for the fix of the concretes and the deficiency of apprehension, many research workers have now concentrated their attempts towards understanding the lastingness of fix spots. 2.3 Adhesion between the concretes: In the field of concrete research, the adhesion between the concrete is one among the largely researched subjects. This has been argued to be an of import facet that influences the lastingness and the dependability of the spot up or the fix works ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) . In general, adhesion which can be considered as a basic issue in the fix of the concretes can be defined as the attachment of two stuffs in contact ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) . The EN 1504-10 criterions ( European Standards ) used the term ‘bond ‘ to bespeak the adhesion that takes topographic point between the old concrete and the new concrete. As such, it is an of import factor that can besides find the effectivity of the fix. Fiebrich ( 1994 ) divided the adhesion mechanisms into three types ; mechanical interaction, chemical bonding and thermodynamic mechanisms. The European Standards, EN 1504 provides two ways of look of the formulated bond degree consequences of the adhesion ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) . Threshold value in MPa ; towards structural fix ( EN 1504-3 ) : gt ; 2,0MPa ( Class R4 ) , gt ; 1,5 MPa ( Class R3 ) ; Pass/fail standards towards structural bonding ( EN1504-4 ) e.g. hardened concrete-to-hardened concrete or fresh concrete-to-hardened concrete: the trial shall ensue in break in the concrete. Once the bond is formed between the concretes, the bond can so be said to be effectual merely if the freshly formed bond ensures an even distribution of the emphasiss and an effectual transportation of burden without failure. Specifically, it has been found that the addition in adhesion, consequences in higher tolerance on non-compatibility belongings of both the old concrete and the new covering stuff ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) . 2.4 Factors impacting Adhesion: There are many basic theories on adhesion that describe the mechanisms of the attachment between the old concrete and the new sheathing stuff. The chief theories pointed by different writers on the subject are the soaking up theories and the mechanical blocking theories ( Emmons et Al, 1994 ; Santos et Al, 2007 ; Maerz et Al, 2001 ) . You read "The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Briefly, in the first theory associating to the thermodynamic surface assimilation the intermolecular forces or the Van der waal forces, the chemical linkage through the interface and the H affair increases the bond between the old and the new concrete. The 2nd theory of mechanical blocking can be broken down at two degrees foremost macroscopic in which the raggedness of surface creates mechanical blockings between sheathing and concrete and secondly at microscopic degree, the surface porousness at the interface substrate, comparable to a micro-roughness , facilitates grounding by tangle of hydrates, Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) . Czarnecki ( 2009 ) in his research about the adhesive facets of the concrete bonds gave a important decision. He concluded that there are many factors impacting the adhesive strengths. These included: The belongingss of the fix stuffs: this included, viscousness, shrinking during puting, surface tenseness, weirdo, etc. Old concrete ( concrete substrate ) : strength of the stuff, presence of drosss, clefts present on the surface and the micro clefts, porousness of the stuff, the raggedness of the surface, etc, . The consequence of the environment: the degree of temperature- the alteration and the rate of alteration, presence of moisture- humidness degree and the alteration of humidness degree, the phenomenon of transportation- suction due to capillary consequence, the loading-mechanical burden, ageing, consequence of corrosion etc, . All these factors mentioned supra could act upon the bond between the concretes. Many of the factors could increase the bonds between the concretes but, in most of the instances, these grounds cause devastation in concrete bonds. Due to these grounds, it is obvious there is still a demand for the High Adhesive Repair Materials to be used in the fix patterns in order to turn to these issues. It has been identified that adhesion will depend on many factors. These are chiefly due to the phenomena that take topographic point at the interface country of the concretes ( Slater, 2001 ) . The chief phenomena includes, raggedness of the stuff surface, presence of wet on the surface, the humidness degrees of the external environment, external burden, wetability of the surface, the belongingss or the influence of the linear stuffs, etc, . The importance of surface raggedness, wet status and bring arounding status is frequently highlighted in many researches. It has been said that the first measure in fix or the care of the concrete after taking the method is to fix the surface of the bing concrete on to which the concrete is to be laid. This may include the remotion of the bing deteriorated concrete bed so that this can be replaced by the new stuff. The strength will depend on the grade of attachment of the new stuff on to the bing stuff. However, the influence of the raggedness and the wet of the surface besides contribute to the overall bond between the old and the new concrete. Therefore, it is really of import to guarantee that the wet and the roughness quality of the surface is achieved to the needed degree before the new concrete is laid on to the bing concrete ( Courard, 2000 ) . The difference in the consequence of the researches carried out by different research workers could be observed on ; the status under which the hardening is carried out ; the humidness status ; the bonding agents used in the experiment ; the temperature at which the trial is carried out ; the age of the specimen ; the type of the trial employed ; the design/setup of the specimen, etc. To this point, Julio et Al ( 2004 ) argued the importance of different trial parametric quantities to be considered while comparing the consequences. They noted that these differences produced contradictory consequences and as such, there is no consensus in the findings. Therefore it is by and large agreed that the comparing of findings appear to be hard. But, to acquire an overview of the current cognition and substantial findings some of the major factors that affect the adhesion between concretes are discussed below. 2.4.1 A individual survey sing assorted factors: Wall et Al ( 1988 ) investigated the factors impacting the bond between the old and the new concrete in concrete fixs. The experiment was carried out to research the effects on the bonds based on different parametric quantities. These parametric quantities included the thickness of the bed of the bonds, the ratio of the cement and H2O used in fixing the howitzer, the influence of different conditions under which the hardening procedure was carried out, the influence of wetting the surface of the old concrete onto which the new concrete is laid, the influence of the hold between blending the copolymer PVA bonding agent and its application to the old concrete. The major difference that can be noted from the survey carried out by Wall et Al ( 1988 ) and other researches is the difference in the bonding strength of the specimens incorporating the Portland cement to the specimens that contained Copolymer PVA agents. It was observed in their survey that the specimens that contained Portland cement howitzer were stronger than the PVA agent 1s. Major differences were besides found in the trials associating to the thickness of the new concrete bed or the repair stuff applied to the older concretes. It was found that the strength increased when the thickness reduced ( 1/8 in and 3/16 in proved stronger than the 1/4 in bed ) . However, the writers do non give farther account sing this phenomenon. Notably, the research did non supply clear account about the affect of cement to H2O ratio. The compressive strengths for different H2O to cement ratios were found to be different. Ultimate compressive emphasis for a H2O cement ratio of 0.32 was found to be lower ( 1870 pounds per square inch lower ) than the one which had a H2O cement ratio of 0.40 by this observation, Wall et Al ( 1988 ) concluded that the bond strength between the two concretes decreased as the H2O cement ratio besides decreased. One another determination was about the surface status of the substrate concrete before the application of the new bed. It was found that the pre-wetting of the substrate before the application of the new bed resulted in bettering the strength of the bond. In instances when the PVA bonding agents dried before the application of the fix stuff to the surface, it was found that the compressive strength of the bonds decreased by 10 % . However, it was besides found that the howitzers with PVA modified cements produced higher bond strength. One other of import facet found was the influence of the bring arounding status on the strength of the bonds. Different specimens were cured under different hardening conditions. It was found to impact the ultimate strength. Though it was found that the specimens that were cured under high humidness conditions ( 100 % ) had greater strengths than the 1s cured in less humid conditions, the differences were non considerable. Hence it was concluded that the grade of influence was little when sing other parametric quantities. 2.3.2 Influence of Material for the Repair: Though there are many methods that can be followed while mending the concretes, it is advised that proper attention should besides be taken while sing the fix stuff. Once these have been selected, the following of import measure is to clearly understand the conditions that the concrete will see over its life. Some of the cardinal factors are the conditions conditions, chemical exposures, the scope of temperature, the magnitude of the burden and the continuance to which the concrete is exposed to the burden, the nature of the spot ( aesthetic or structural ) , etc. It is of import to see these facts because different researches in to the field of the concretes have shown that the public presentation of the spot stuff varies under different conditions. It can be argued that proper attention should be taken while choosing the spot stuffs by giving proper consideration to the stuff belongingss of the substrate concrete and the old concrete and the conditions to which the concrete will be exposed over its life. It could be recommended that the stuffs with different belongingss could be selected merely if the bond strengths are non affected and further it does non do any lastingness jobs ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . However, it is critical to guarantee that the internal emphasiss do non transcend the tensile emphasiss of the substrate ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . Influence of Adulthood: The bond between the substrate and the new concrete has besides been linked with the adulthood of the sheathing. This was pointed by Delatte et Al ( 2000 ) . To lucubrate over this subject, they linked the adulthood of the sheathing to the bond strength, which in bend was related to the overall strength of the stuff ( interface ) . It was concluded in their research that the early- age strength of the concrete had important consequence on the bond strength and the tensile strength of the stuff. These groups of researches have besides highlighted that sheathing or the interface as one of the major zones of the break. Therefore, harmonizing to Beushausen and Alexander ( 2008 ) , mechanisms of bond failures in relation to the parametric quantities of stuff and the location of failure will necessitate farther research. 2.3.3 Influence of Test Method: It has been argued in the old diaries that the quality of the bond strength can be influenced by a scope of parametric quantities associating to the stuff and the conditions of the environment ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Another of import factor is the trial method used. There are assorted test methods proposed to measure bond belongingss and public presentation of fix stuffs in general. They include the tensile bond, slant-shear, twist-off, flexural and patch trial etc. , However each trial is influenced by different combinations of factors and can non give entirely a full image ( Austin et al,1999 ) . For case, Momayez et Al ( 2005 ) reported in their survey that in few instances bond strength from some trials were upto eight times higher than those obtained from other type of trials. Additionally, it is of import to observe that the mechanical adhesion in tenseness varies well from that in shear ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Therefore, it can be argued that the positions of different writers ‘ will besides depend on the pick of the methods used in finding the bond strength. 2.3.4 Condition of the surface of the interface: The bond strength besides depends on the general status of the surface like cleanliness. There is besides particular industry criterions to which the cleansing and preparing of the concrete surface should be carried out before the fix is carried out ( Charles and Scott, 1997 ) . In add-ons to these criterions, there are besides many standard recommendations provided by different makers of the fix material merchandises. The more normally known industry criterions are: ASTM D 4258 Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating ; ASTM D 4259 Abrading Concrete ; ASTM Standards for Cleaning, Surface Preparation, and Testing ; ASTM D 4285 Indicating Oil of Water in Compressed Air, etc. One of the major points to be considered while cleaning the surface is the presence of the surface contaminations. This can be in the signifier of liquids or solids. There is a possible menace that these contaminations could jobs for the application of the stuff, hardening, adhesion or other things which are critical for organizing the bond between the two concrete beds ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . It is noted that the presence of dust and unsound concretes are besides a major barrier for organizing a strong bond between concretes. It is recommended that the usage of the doodly-squat cock be avoided when covering with the damaged concretes. Alternatively, the usage of the chisel and cock can guarantee that the structural belongingss of the concretes are non affected ( Ibid ) . 2.3.5 Influence of Roughness: The influence of the raggedness to the bond strength between the concretes has been argued by many writers. It has been argued in the old surveies that the add-on of the ordinary concrete on to the interface that is unsmooth green goods better consequences than the 1 that was laid on to the smooth interface ( Garbacz et al, 2006 ) . These findings are similar to the 1s investigated by other writers excessively. Matana et Al ( 2005 ) identified in their research that the bonds between the concretes provided good bond strength when the stuff had unsmooth interface. Similar consequences were besides given by Courard ( 2006 ) . Roughness of the substrate surface is frequently presented as the most of import factor to accomplish a good bond. This betterment is chiefly assigned to the addition of the contact surface ( Talbot et al 94, Santos et al 07 ) . On the other manus through the survey done by Perez et Al ( 2009 ) , while analyzing about the correlativity between the raggedness of substrate surface and debonding hazard, they interpreted by their consequences that increasing of raggedness does non heighten the bond strength. The argument over the influence of raggedness is still an on-going issue and as such, the consequence of the raggedness of the concrete surface over adhesion procedure is non really clear ( Austin et al, 1995 ; Czarnecki, et Al, 2003 ) . Some research workers have argued that there is influence of surface sums on the degree of adhesion that take topographic point at the interface. A seeable sum of ratios between 30 to forty per centums provided better consequences ( Fiebrich, 1994 ) . Fukuzawa et Al ( 2001 ) , argued the being of correlativity between roughness parametric quantities of the material surface and the adhesion strength. Though the raggedness of the stuff is an of import factor, some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1990 ) have besides pointed the affect of micro clefts that are produced on the surface of the concrete when the surface is treated by different methods to accomplish the raggedness. These sorts of micro clefts are found to deteriorate the quality of the bonds that is formed between the concretes ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . 2.3.6 Influence of wet: With respects to the presence of wet, recent surveies provide a better apprehension to the subject of influence of the wet on the strength of the bond. Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) , in their survey on the influence of the raggedness and wet of the substrate surface on the bond between the old and the new concrete, suggest that the incursion of the sheathing stuff into the substrate concrete is chiefly dependent on quality readying of the substrate surface. They besides suggested that the surface of the substrate should be saturated with dry surface- which means that the surface of the substrate is non stagnated with H2O, so that it ensures that a good micro raggedness and a better thermodynamic surface assimilation is achieved. They suggest that the stagnancy of the H2O on the substrate surface can forestall the pores from absorbing the sheathing stuff which can ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. The overall consequence of over stagnancy is that, it will stand as a barrier in the interface zone cut downing the attachment procedure. On the other manus if the substrate stuff surface is dry with really low wet or no wet, this will ensue in the interface absorbing more H2O from the freshly laid stuff. Such a procedure will besides cut down the overall adhesion procedure as this could ensue in higher opportunity of uncomplete hydration of the cement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the wet needs to be present merely to a optimal degree. Excessively much wet or excessively small presence of wet will ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. Similarly, Xu ( 1999 ) besides studied bond strength utilizing oven dry, air dry and concentrated surface dry status of substrate. He reported that prewetting the surface of concrete substrate reduced the bond strength of the specimens used in his experiment from 0.64 to 0.12 MPa However, Saucier and Pigeon ( 1991 ) did n’t happen any noteworthy difference between the bond strength of lab dried surface and pre-wetted surfaces in slant shear trial. In another survey, Austin et Al. ( 1995 ) did work on happening bond strength utilizing substrates with concentrated surface prohibitionist, saturated surface moisture and air dry wet conditions. They besides reported no important difference in bond strengths ( about 2.77 to 2.98 MPa ) due to the different wet status of substrate. 2.3.7 Influence of Bring arounding Condition: There are a few researches carried out refering the affect of bring arounding status on the shear bond strength. Yee and Ibrahim ( 2010 ) in their survey on shear capacity of precast slabs investigated the difference in consequences for H2O cured samples and air cured samples. The consequences they got were changing with similar raggedness feature of surface but different bring arounding status. For case, a unsmooth surface produced higher shear capacity than a smooth one in air cured status whereas a smooth surface produced 16 to 18 % higher shear capacity in H2O cured conditions. Another noteworthy point was the influence of bring arounding status on the interface strength which was highly variable, as such it decreased by 30 % in smooth and unsmooth surface in H2O cured status where as for the air cured status it increased by 40 % between smooth and unsmooth surface. 2.3.6 Influence of Bond Coat: It is common that some external agents are used in the mix to accomplish a higher degree of adhesion. Many writers have different sentiment sing this, chiefly the bond coats like polymer complexs. Some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1998 ) argue that the bond coats can ensue in creative activity of an excess plane of failing. As a consequence, it has been advised to avoid the bond coats. Further, the bond coats could besides take to the decrease of the meshing consequence ensuing in an overall negative consequence ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . On the other manus these statements have been questioned by some other writers. Interestingly, harmonizing to some other writers ( Austin et al, 1995 ; Pretorius and Kruger, 2001 ) , the presence of the bond coats could increase the adhesion procedure between the two concretes. To this point, Garbacz et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey to look into the influence of surface intervention of the concretes on the adhesion mechanism between the concrete beds. Different surface intervention methods were used in order to accomplish different qualities of surface on the concrete stuff surface. Additionally, a fix howitzer with coat was applied to the old concrete and the adhesion was measured. The consequences showed that, in the instance of the sheathings applied without the bond coats, the adhesion procedure was influenced by the raggedness of the concrete substrate. Form this, it was concluded that the good bond strength belongingss can be achieved from the howitzer ( repair howitzer ) and the bond coat belongingss. It was further concluded that the belongingss of the bond coats and the howitzer helped in bridging the micro clefts and concrete pieces, and besides filled the surface abnormalities. Therefore, it can be concluded on the recent plants on influence of the surface on the adhesion between the surfaces the roughness status of the surface can be regarded as one of the contributing or act uponing factor in the fix of the concretes. From these treatments on the different factors impacting the bond it can be concluded that the consequences are non ever in consensus and there is still need for surveies to be carried out in this country for deriving farther penetration of the existent behavior of bond with regard to alterations in factors impacting it. 2.4 Surface Roughening Technique: There are different ways in which the surface of the stuffs can be prepared to accomplish different raggedness conditions. However, the chief purpose of executing the surface intervention on the substrate is to the brand sure that the unwanted beds that might cut down the adhesion procedure are removed before the new beds of concretes are laid on to the surface. In add-on, this besides ensures that the entire country of surface contact is increased to the maximal degree. The forms and feelings achieved on the surface will depend upon the energy applied and chosen techniques. Roughening Techniques which does non deteriorate the mechanical unity of the substrate stuff must be used. It is of import to see the local status of the concrete under consideration. Consequently, common techniques like chisel and cocks, sandblasting, hydro-jetting, needle gunning, crunching or milling, hammering etc, may be used ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . 2.4.2 Measurement of Roughness: The raggedness is by and large assessed qualitatively. But, placing the fact that this sort of raggedness rating leads to subjectiveness of consequences, there have been some efforts made to quantify the raggedness. For, case mechanical profilometry was used to distinguish polished and sandblasted concrete surfaces ( Courard 1998, Courard and Nelis 2003 A ; Courard and Garbacz 2004 ) . Due to some defects of this procedure like viability with lone short surfaces etc. , another method of optical analysis was developed ( Perez et al 2003 ) in order to analyze big surfaces. Subsequently on, these two above mentioned techniques were compared by Courard et Al ( 2006 ) and they concluded that with the combination of these two methods it is possible to acquire a really good description of â€Å" raggedness † at all graduated tables. They besides pointed out some restrictions of these methods sing the form of stylus which would do it impossible to take measurings on really unsmooth s urfaces and other restrictions being really clip devouring etc. , In another survey by Courard et Al ( 2004 ) a point which is concluded is that a parametric quantity Xa which is the arithmetic mean of the going of the raggedness profile from the average line is the major discriminating parametric quantity for the comparing of surface readying techniques. In a new method for measuring the surface raggedness Abu Tair et Al ( 2000 ) , studied five different sorts of raggedness including needle gunning. They used a different attack for quantifying the raggedness by associating the sum of raggedness to Roughness Gradient of the raggedness profile obtained. They concluded that the raggedness gradient parametric quantity can give a proper indicant of the chapped surfaces. In this survey an effort is made to happen out a similar sort of parametric quantity to which the sum of raggedness can be related and the chapped surfaces can appropriately be categorized. How to cite The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Motivating Contingency Leadership Model †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Motivating Contingency Leadership Model. Answer: Introduction: Raphael applies a combination of legitimate political and rewards power to lead his team of subordinates. The case study shows that he projected the targets achieved by his subordinates to gain recognition before the senior managers and the apex management. He did not consider it illegitimate to use the performances of his followers to gain his own recognition. However, it can be pointed out that he used his power unethically to gain more recognitions and rewards. It can be pointed out that these rewards and promotions would once again increase his power to project the performances of his followers to gain further promotions. Thus, Raphael used legitimate political power and rewards power to lead his team and take credit of its performances for his own professional benefits like promotion (Keskes 2014). Barry should complain against the unethical practices of Raphael to exploit the performances of his team members to obtain his own professional development. He should complain to his skip level managers and the apex management about this unethical practices of Raphael. He should substantiate his complaints using statistical figures which would prove his high level performances before the senior management. He should also point out the devastating impacts of Raphaels immoral activities on the motivation, morale and performances of the juniors. These strong evidences against Raphael would enable the apex management takes steps against him (Flin et al. 2013). Politicking is the appropriate method, which Barry can use to highlight his own high performances before the apex management and his skip level manager. He can use five political ways to retaliate the unethical practices of Raphael. First, he can approach Raphael directly and speak to him about the unjust practices the latter is practicing. The case study show that Raphael and Barry were once peers and enjoyed great professional relationship. Barry can point out to Raphael that the practice of taking credit of his performances by the latter is having devastating impact on his motivation and hampering their career growth. If Raphael does not cooperate with Barry and uses his power to subdue him, Barry must use the second strategy of asserting his performances before the apex management and his skip level boss. He should support his claim of legitimacy of promotion to higher posts on the grounds of his high performances (Getha-Taylor et al. 2015). The third step would be forming coalit ion with other employees but it is not very prudent as Raphael might come know of his stances. This may give him scope to counteract Barry legitimate claims using his superior position in the organisation. The fourth approach, which Barry can take, is to appear indispensible before the management using his superior performances. The last step, which Barry can take, is to obtain support the apex management, skip level boss and gain the permission to report directly to them. He might also gain the permission to join a different team (Carter et al. 2013). Thus, Barry can approach the apex management, appear indispensible, claim his legitimate right to take advantage of his high performances and gain the support of the management. Excessive whining and complaining against the seniors reveal the insecure position and the acute performance lack in employees. However, there are also other ways, which employees can take to complain against injustices. They can approach their skip level managers and bosses to complain against unfair treatments in the hands of their seniors. However, they must support their claims with strong evidences. This will make them claim appear legitimate and substantial thus enabling the management to take actions to deal with the matter (Namasivayam, Guchait and Lei 2014). Barry can avoid being a whiner by substantiating his claims with statistics and figures proving his performances. This will allow the apex management and the skip level mangers to look into his matter. This will allow them to take legitimate actions to ensure that Barry gets due crefit for his performances and is not exploited by Raphael. This procedure of supporting his claims with proofs will help Barry to make his claim appear legitimate and not like whining (Dinh et al. 2014). Barry should look for another job if the apex management is not able to give positive outcomes and take steps against Raphael. He should first approach Raphael and explain him the harmful effect his exploitative actions are having on his team members including himself(Barry). If his attempts to reconcile things with Raphael fail, he should approach the management to take actions against Raphael. He must substantiate his claim with figures proving his high level of performances. If the management fails to come up with a solution to the problem, then Barry must change his job. However, if the management succeeds in taking up steps against Raphael, he must not change his job (Thompson and Glas 2015). Situational leadership model: The situatiaonal leadership model is a leadership model developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. The chart below shows situational leadership style stresses on both the attributes of the followers and the leadership styles the leaders can take to ensure these four classes of followers achieve their performance parameters. The four types of subordinates are low motivation and low task skills, high motivation and low task skills, low motivation and task skills and high motivation and high task skills. The theory also states the specific actions the leaders can apply in the case of these four readiness levels (McCleskey 2014). Readiness level(of followers) Leadership styles R1 Low motivation and low task skills S1 Telling R2 High motivation and low task skills S2 Selling R3 Low motivation and task skills S3 Participating R4 High motivation and high task skills S4 Delegating Figure 1. Situational Leadership model (Source: Author) The first group of subordinates consist of employees with low motivational level and low task skills. These employees lack the professional experience and skills to achieve high level of professional performances. They lack motivation, which impedes them to acquiring new skills to improve their skills and efficiency. The leader in this case has to assume the telling style. He commands and gives specific instructions to the followers belonging to the low motivation and low task skill category (Sethuraman and Suresh 2014). The second category of employees fall under high motivation and low task skills. This category of employees has high level of motivation but lack the required skills and expertise. The heads of the departments in order to deal with these employees have to follow the selling style. The departmental heads, while leading subordinates, similar to telling style, issue commands and clear directions to them. However, in case of high motivation and low task skill group, the leaders interact more with their subordinates of this category compared to the first category. There are smooth exchanges of information between the superiors and the subordinates. The followers here are motivated and readily cooperate with the leaders if trained. The leaders offer training and mentoring to this group of employees to improve their efficiency (Khuong and Hoang 2015). The third group of employees consist of employees having high task skills and low level of motivation. These employees have experience but lack the motivation to achieve high-level f performances. This lack of motivation stems from several factors like lack of self-esteem, lack of participative environment within their departments and weak organisational culture. The leaders in order to deal with these employees lack motivation in spite of having skills encourage them to participate in making strategies to achieve the assigned targets (Berg et al. 2016). The leaders here create a positive organisational culture and environment, which stimulates the employees to collaborate readily. They value relationships among the team members and themselves. Participating in making strategies encourage higher self-esteem among the employees which boosts their motivation. As a result, they start performing well which ultimately boosts the team performances (Hogan and Coote 2014). The fourth category of staff consists of employees having high level of task skills and high level of motivation. This category of employees is the most efficient among the four groups. They are highly motivated to perform and take up new responsibilities. Leaders apply delegating method while leading this category of workers. As a result, the leaders vest many responsibilities in the employees having high level of motivation and job skills. It can also be pointed out that employees having high level of efficiency and motivation usually have more chances of availing promotions. They as a result experience high level of job satisfaction and career development (Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and Dibb 2014). It can also be pointed out that employees having high level of skill and motivation contribute largely to the performance enhancement of their teams. As a result the leaders interact a lot with this group of followers and there is a high degree of collaboration between them once agai n, leading to high departmental or group performances. Application of situational leadership in the case of Barry: The case study of Barry reveals that he has a new team and can apply situational leadership theory to lead it. It already says Barry has a new team and it can be assumed that the new team would consist of employees having various levels of skills and motivation. Since the team is new, it can be further assumed that the team would have inexperienced employees, some who have low level of motivation and others who lack it (Chatman et al. 2014). The team would also have the second category of employees with high motivation with low knowledge and skills. There would also be third category of employees having low motivation and high skills. The fourth group consists of employees having high level of experience, knowledge and motivation. It can be pointed out that the team of Barry would have both senior and junior employees. However, being a new team it is likely to have more junior employees and less experienced employees compared to highly efficient and motivated employees. This combination of members in the new team under Barry show that it can led by applying situational leadership style (Wang, Noe and Wang 2014). Barry can use telling leadership skills to tackle the first group of employees containing low level of knowledge, experience and motivation. He should direct the inexperienced employees who are most probably newly hired employees. He should issue them clear instructions and guide them while they perform their duties (Keskes 2014). Flinx et al.(2013) further points out that the leader require to supervise and monitor the performances of these employees. The improvement in the performance of the employees would point out the outcome of the telling leadership style. Getha-Taylor et al.(2015) further points out that these employees with low skills can be trained to improve their performances. Barry can offer training to these low skilled employees to enhance their efficiency. This training would result in enhancement in the work standards of the employees, which would in turn boost their motivation. The employees after post training would be able to fulfil their job responsibilities bett er which would boost their confidence, efficiency and competencies. This would allow them to shift to the second category of workers having newly acquired skills but high level of motivation due to acquisition of new knowledge (Huang et al. 2014). The next group of employees having newly acquired skills and high level of motivation would require Barry to use selling leadership style. This would involve Barry using his authority to direct and guide his juniors. These junior employees would still require training to enhance their skills and capabilities. However, the selling style differs from the telling styles. In case of telling style the employees lack both motivation and skill. Hence, the manager has to direct the employees and there is almost no interaction between the leader and the follower. The workers are motivated to work and improve their performance, which makes the manager interact with them more compared to the telling style. The third category of employees consists of senior and experienced employees lacking motivation, which would require Barry to use participating leadership style. According to Carter et al.(2013), the experienced employees play important roles like advising the team leaders and motivating the juniors in the team. However, lack of employee empowerment under Raphael and his taking credit for the high performances of the team led to low level of motivation among the senior employees. Barry can apply participating style of leadership so that they feel important. Namasivayam, Guchait and Lei (2014) state that empowerment of employees increases self esteem and motivation among senior employees. They participate more actively in the strategy making which ultimately enhance the performance of the team. The fourth category consists of workers having level of skills and motivation, which would require Barry to use delegating style of leadership. These types of employees are high performers in whom Barry can vest crucial job responsibility. The above discussion clearly shows that Barry can use situational leadership style of to manage his new team. This is because the theory recognises the four types of followers adn assigns a style of leadership appropriate to lead each type of follower. The subordinates having low scale of motivation and skill can be dealt with using telling leadership style. Barry can use selling style of leadership to lead subordinates having low skill but acquired motivation. He can use participation style to manage employees having high skill but low motivation. He can finally use delegation style of leadership to manage high performing workers having high rate of motivation (Huang et al. 2014). Barry can use the situational leadership theory of contingency to manage his new team. The theory recognises four types of subordinates in professional teams and assigns four different leadership styles to lead these four types of subordinates. The first type consists of employees mostly newly hired having low scale of motivation and knowledge. Barry can manage these followers using the telling leadership style by ordering them and giving them clear directions. The second sort of followers is motivated but lack knowledge and experience. Barry can lead this sort of subordinates using the selling style where he other than ordering the employees also encourages them to participate in the team planning. Barry can use the third group of employees lacking motivation in spite of having knowledge by encouraging them to participate more proactively in team planning. This would create a sense of importance and self esteem among these employees and they would be motivated to contribute towards team performance. The fourth group of employees consists of experienced, efficient and motivated employees. Barry should not intervene in their work. He should instead delegate them more power and promote them to higher offices to bring about their career growth. He should aim at retaining them by giving them benefits like salary hikes, perks and flexible timing facilities (Sethuraman and Suresh 2014). Barry should use motivational tactics to manage the first three groups of employees to retain and develop their quality. He should train them to improve their skills and motivate them. He should mentor them and provide them with conductive working environment to improve their efficiency. This will ensure that Barry manages his team well and achieves high level of performance. This high level of team performance would bring the managerial qualities of Barry in light before the apex management. It would also pave ways for his further promotion (Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and Dibb 2014). References: Berg, M.E., Berg, M.E., Karlsen, J.T. and Karlsen, J.T., 2016. A study of coaching leadership style practice in projects.Management Research Review,39(9), pp.1122-1142. Carlos Pinho, J., Paula Rodrigues, A. and Dibb, S., 2014. The role of corporate culture, market orientation and organisational commitment in organisational performance: the case of non-profit organisations.Journal of Management Development,33(4), pp.374-398. Carter, M.Z., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. and Mossholder, K.W., 2013. Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), pp.942-958. Chatman, J.A., Caldwell, D.F., O'Reilly, C.A. and Doerr, B., 2014. Parsing organizational culture: How the norm for adaptability influences the relationship between culture consensus and financial performance in high?technology firms.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(6), pp.785-808. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Flin, R., Fioratou, E., Frerk, C., Trotter, C. and Cook, T.M., 2013. Human factors in the development of complications of airway management: preliminary evaluation of an interview tool.Anaesthesia,68(8), pp.817-825. Getha-Taylor, H., Fowles, J., Silvia, C. and Merritt, C.C., 2015. Considering the effects of time on leadership development: A local government training evaluation.Public Personnel Management,44(3), pp.295-316. Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), pp.1609-1621. Huang, J.L., Ryan, A.M., Zabel, K.L. and Palmer, A., 2014. Personality and adaptive performance at work: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), p.162. Keskes, I. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employee organizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of future directions.Intangible Capital,10(1). Khuong, M.N. and Hoang, D.T., 2015. The effects of leadership styles on employee motivation in auditing companies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,6(4), p.210. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Namasivayam, K., Guchait, P. and Lei, P., 2014. The influence of leader empowering behaviors and employee psychological empowerment on customer satisfaction.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(1), pp.69-84. Sethuraman, K. and Suresh, J., 2014. Effective leadership styles.International Business Research,7(9), p.165. Thompson, G. and Glas, L., 2015. Situational leadership theory: a test from three perspectives.Leadership Organization Development Journal,36(5), pp.527-544. Wang, S., Noe, R.A. and Wang, Z.M., 2014. Motivating knowledge sharing in knowledge management systems: A quasifield experiment.Journal of Management,40(4), pp.978-1009.

Gavin Macmillan as a Successful Entrepreneur

Each dawning day, we read or watch news about entrepreneurs who have managed to build successful businesses amidst unbelievable circumstances. Top in this list are prominent names like Bill Gates, Richard Brandon and Steve Jobs.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Gavin Macmillan as a Successful Entrepreneur specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, such incidences generate several questions about whether their success could be due to timing, luck or some other hidden factors. However, the reality that only a few individuals have succeeded signifies that they possess some intrinsic personality traits, which predisposes them towards success. For the case study, Gavin Macmillan possesses some key personality traits that endorse him as a successful entrepreneur. To begin with, Macmillan is highly innovative. Having succeeded in saturating mobile bartending market in Canada, he is thinking of expanding his busine sses to other regions by recruiting new faces in his franchises. Apparently, Macmillan realizes that his franchisee idea would only succeed if he shared it with other like minded individuals. Secondly, Macmillan is a very patient man. Even after failing miserably in the first trial lessons, he does not give up. Instead he comes up with new ideas. He realizes that entrepreneurship demands a great level of patience before one can yield positive results. Thirdly, Macmillan is exceptionally adventurous and this trait, albeit risky, might attract the desired results, if effectively executed. His idea of building a yacht with a helicopter pad on it is quite adventurous. Similarly, his flexibility enables him to change course when one idea proves to be untenable. For instance, when he realized that the initial idea attracted huge losses, he came up with a new idea. On the other hand, the perfectionist personality is a risky element in entrepreneurship. Macmillan must realize that not every thing is likely to go as planned especially while dealing with different players.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, Macmillan motivation can be classified as both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature. Macmillan motivation can be termed as intrinsic because he seems to have an internal desire to stretch his bartending ideas beyond unbelievable limits. The fact that he is willing to train new players indicates that he gains pleasure from bartending. This personal pleasure could be termed as intrinsic. On the other hand, Macmillan is in bartending business for money. Apparently, the main reason why he is willing put up with the slow process of exploring new territories is because he targets some monetary rewards. Macmillan dream of building a yacht appears like an untenable idea that may never be realized. Such an idea demands for a great level of skills and resou rces. However, by setting up such an enormous and unbelievable goal, Macmillan is likely to stay motivated even when events attest to be too challenging along the way. Moreover, this goal will apparently stretch his innovativeness to the maximum. He has to steer his businesses towards profitability in order to garner enough resources to fulfill the major goal. Contrastingly, although MacMillan seems like a goal orientated individual, there are some pitfalls, which may derail his vision. From the case study, we learn that the greatest hindrance to Macmillan success is poor time management. On this note, I would advice Macmillan to consider the element of time factor while setting up his goals. An effective timeline would enable Macmillan to keep proper track of his goals. Secondly, Macmillan needs to prioritize his goals to avoid confusion. For instance, he should decide whether to first complete training for new bartenders or to introduce the mobile bartending idea. On the same note , MacMillan ought to differentiate between long term and short term goals. This will enable him to evaluate whether the yacht goal is realistic or just a dream. This assessment on Gavin Macmillan as a Successful Entrepreneur was written and submitted by user Natalie Gillespie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

psychosynthesis Essays

psychosynthesis Essays psychosynthesis Essay psychosynthesis Essay Psychosynthesis When one thinks of therapy one for the most part automatically thinks that therapy deals with emotional problems that a person is trying to over come. However, there is another aspect of an individuals personality that also can be worked on during therapy, this aspect being the spiritual part of an individual. This type of therapy is known as psychosynthesis. In psychosynthesis, the goal or focus is for the individual to achieve synthesis, a coming together, of the different parts of an individual. Once a person has achieved a more cohesive self that person can then function in a way that s more life affirming and authentic (Kelder, 1993). The way that a person is able to achieve this more cohesive self is by taking into consideration that part of an individuals personality that deals with spirituality, which was mentioned earlier. This spiritual side ofa person or as some describes it as the higher, deeper, or transpersonal self is seen as a source of wisdom, inspiration, unconditional love, and the will to meaning in our lives (Kelder, 1993). The primary use of psychosynthesis is in the field of psychotherapy but because it is a technique that an be universally applied to many fields it now has found its way into education, management, organizational development, and politics. (Kelder, 1993). Psychosynthesis counseling is for short term, six-session to help people who have problems such as panic attacks, aggression, psychosomatic symptoms, phobias, eating disorders and depression. Psychosynthesis counselors also practice in crisis intermediate homes for drug offenders and delinquent adolescents. Whitmore, 2004, p. 157). Roberto Assagioli initiated psychosynthesis around 1910. Assagioli was an Italian sychiatrist as well was a member of the psychoanalytic group formed by Karl Jung in 1910. In his doctoral thesis he explored the possibilities of using analytical insight to understand human potential, inspiration and motivation. This human development approach is founded on the basic premise that we participate in an orderl y universe structured to facilitate the evolution of consciousness. An outcome is that each persons life has purpose and meaning within this wider context and that it is possible for the individual to discover this. The individual seeks to discover what onnects the to others and the world around them by exploring existential issues and experience of that world and focusing on the interpersonal relationship the individual has within that world (Loewenthal House, 2010, p. 117). In order to achieve this sense of clarity one must embrace change. Change is not achievable without self-knowledge. One must have the will to bring about transformation. The use of self- knowledge or will is the capacity for choice or the ability to direct the self. The therapist besides helping the individual fgure out what presently is holding hem back also ultimately has to help the individual figure out the fundamental relationship between them and the world around them (Loewenthal House, 2010, p. 116). The therapist does this through questioning, and through questioning the therapist is trying to reach the deeper meaning of what the individual is feeling or experiencing. Everything contains an element of the individuals psyche that is trying to come out and connect to the wider whole of the individual. By taping into the inner psyche the individual will experience the pain of the original wounding but this ime around there is tolerance and a greater sense that this aspect connects deep to who the individual is. While going through this process the relationship of therapist and individual deepens and there is mutual understanding and awareness, which will be explained in the first stage of psychosynthesis. Going back to the foundation of psychosynthesis, which is helping an individual become whole, this is done by bringing the unconscious to the conscious. A therapist has to bring forward the survival personalities, as well as the defense mechanisms, which will be explained during the stages of psychosynthesis. Once these are brought to the conscious the individual can change their behavior, attitude and be more accepting of them. The journey of psychosynthesis has been divided into four stages. (1) Thorough knowledge of ones personality, (2) control of the various elements of the personality, (3) realization of ones true Self- the discovery or creation of a unifying center, and (4) psychosynthesis, the formation or reconstruction of the personality around the new center (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 96). Even though these stages are presented in chronological order it does not imply that these stages happen in that order, the tages can happen out of order, it is Just that one stage is in t he foreground while the others are in the background. There is no set amount of time a person will remain in a particular stage so it can be a couple of minutes. A person is never fully done with a stage, regardless of how much growth a person goes through they never outgrow that these stages are not provided for the person going through therapy instead these stages are provided for the therapist, so the therapist does not lose grasp of the foundation of psychosynthesis which is providing empathy (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 96-97). Stage zero or the survival stages deals with experiences where we have felt trauma, neglect, rejection, and denial. That individual will experience primal wounding, which will be suppressed or repressed within the unconscious while creating survival strategies or survival personalities to avoid the pain that comes from those experiences, sometimes these survival personalities are created in our childhood. Those survival strategies, which later on we come to identify as who we are yet the true self remains buried. During this stage we feel some type of balance between comfort and security (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 8). Stage one is the stage known as Exploration; the importance of this stage is the establishing of a rapport between therapist and client (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 107). It is from this rapport that exploration will emerge on its own. The task of the therapist is to bring clarity to the conflicts and dilemmas we struggle with on a constant biases. These conflicts and dilemmas stem from our sub consciousness that the therapist has to bring into harmonious integration around a unifying center. The therapist is there to provide a true link, a point of connection between the personal man and his higher self. Because the therapist gives that spiritual empathy the person is able to start to separate from that survival mode and focus on what the real issue is. The therapist does not know where the client will take the session, they only know that they must be supportive and show empathy, the focus is the person not the theory (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 111). Stage two or the emergence of l the person is able to freely exercise the functions of consciousness and will. During this stage the individual can express via aspects of the personality rather than being unconsciously controlled by hem (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 15). Also in this stage the person can take more of an active role in their growth and partake in self-reflection. The persons reactions both emotional as well as cognitively are en expression of who l am and less of a reaction based on survival skills (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 1 16). Stage three is known as contact with self. During this stage the individual starts to try to find mea ning and purpose. Some can confuse this as exploration but these questions deal with the person is searching for self a more conscious self-realization (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 121). Psychosynthesis focuses on relationships, the relationship between therapist and client, the relationship with others but most importantly the relationship the individual has with themselves. During this stage the person will have more encounters with the authentic unifying centers. These unifying centers can be from human beings real and fictional, to inner symbols and outer environments, to formless intuitions and hunches, to religious and spiritual practices, to the arts and sciences, to animals and the natural world (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 122). The importance of mediation during the psychosynthesis process is key to this stage. By partaking in meditation the person is able to connect to these unifying centers that will allow the person to go beyond set patters and see new ideas and insight (Whitmore, 2004, p. 141). By focusing on one topic the mind can go deep and examine the different levels of meaning in a more subjective way to find intuitive enhances the effect of that image on the unconscious, and may assist in resolving inner conflicts and in transforming negative tendencies into positive ones (Whitmore, 2004, p. 142). The last step in psychosynthesis is when the person responds to self (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 3). Now that the client has a therapist who continuously shows them empathy, deepens their connection to unifying centers and starts to guide themselves they could start to respond to self in their lives by aligning themselves more to their nature and values. The person now makes choices to what seems true and right to them (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 133). The choices that are being made start a c onversation or a response between the person and a higher source. It is important to remember that everyone is on the search of self-realization we seek to find good (Firman Gila, 2010, p. 3). Counseling Journey that never ends, there is no point where the work is completed and the person will forever be happy. In psychosynthesis it is emphasized that self- realization is a process rather than an end-result. There will always potential, a next step for the client to achieve a higher sense of self-realization. Through counseling the individual builds her resources and learns how to work towards self-realization by making themselves more whole (Whitmore, 2004, p. 1 57). Firman, J. , Gila, A. (2010). Psychotherapy of love : Psychosynthesis in practice. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press. Retrieved from http:// site. ebrary. com/lib/liu/docDetail. action? doclD=10574134 Kelder, D. (1993). What is psychosynthesis?. Retrieved from http://two. not2. org/psychosynthesis/ps2. htm Loewenthal, D. , House, R. (2010). Critically engaging cbt. Berkshire, GBR: Open University Press. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/liu/docDetail. action? doclD=10413325 Whitmore, D. (2004). Psychosynthesis counseling in action. (3rd ed. ). London, GBR: SAGE Publications Inc. (US). Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/

Disparity in Use of Internet in One Country Essay

Disparity in Use of Internet in One Country - Essay Example Conversely, the great distinction of the unexpected increase of the phrase digital disparity is that it has placed the significant matter of inequity within the information community on the political and scholarly agenda. Growth of access in Internet within deprived regions is aided by groupings for public usage, like cybercafes, and internet kiosks or multiuse communal tele-centres (Rogers & Shukla, 2001). The cybercafe (or Internet cafe) notion has been effectively spread to underprivileged countries largely, because it coalesces a soundly priced accessibility to Internet through the comfortable setting of a coffee shop or a slab as well as the prospect to interact with fellow clients in addition to picking up fresh knowledge and concepts in internet usage. Internet disparity in Tanzania Tanzania, an amalgamation of Zanzibar and Tanganyika, is currently a multiparty self-governing state. Initially, it became sovereign from the United Kingdom in 1964. Conferring to the nationwide we bsite, 2.2 million of its citizens are jobless, nevertheless a good number of individuals are freelancers and majority of the labour is seasonal within the informal and agricultural sectors. Most people in Tanzania have different indigenous languages. Kiswahili has grown into Eastern Africa’s lingua franca besides; it is the formal language, conversed by each Tanzanian. Starting from secondary school, all tutoring is in English, which is the second endorsed language for Tanzanians (Mwesige, 2004). The dispersion of the digitization in Africa varies from one nation to another, hinging on each nation’s government regulatory, legal and policy frameworks, competition amid ISPs (Internet service providers), and... This paper stresses on surveys which show that the internet users’ financial ranking, embodied by their individual quantified monthly expenditure, displays a noteworthy and fascinating difference amid the urban/semi-urban and rural areas. The rural internet users have solely one third over the buying power as likened to other groups. Simultaneously, they spend nearly the equal amount of cash on cyber cafà © charges. One credible rationalization is due to informal economy within the rural, husbandry-based regions. Owing to a widespread barter economy, folks neither possess, nor require money as much as those within the urban areas. This is, obviously, a serious restraint to the expansion of commercial cyber cafà © industry to these regions. This report makes a conclusion that the users’ of internet are surprisingly unchanging in the three regions of centrality. However, some slight traces of variance exist among rural and urban Internet clienteles, in the manner that internet users turn out to be more â€Å"elite† within rural areas, where internet access is limited. Rural internet users are younger, better learned, and are eager to expend relatively more cash on Internet usage. They are, to some extent, using the internet for instrumental purposes such as information seeking and research. An additional apparent dissimilarity is the â€Å"gender disparity† – indicating that the segment of female internet users is substantially lower within rural areas. Studies reveal that the internet disparity within an evolving nation like Tanzania is primarily a matter of variances in the likelihood of accessing ICT and the Internet in urban and rural regions.

Advancements in Nanotechnology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advancements in Nanotechnology - Research Paper Example Both nanoscience and nanotechnology represent almost perfect fulfillment of contemporary science for a number of reasons. It has continuously been characterized as a "new Frontier" (Barben et al, 2008), an "emerging field", "emergent, highly interdisciplinary field," a "transdisciplinary research front" and a "rigorous scientific field" with "many signs of protodisciplinarity" (Milburn, 2004). It eradicates the limits between research and development and practical application as well as between science and engineering field, having formed at the intersection of several fields in science and engineering. Since the late 1990s nanotechnology has witnessed extensive investment and attention from corporate and governmental sectors as "a linchpin for creating economic wealth and solving a vast number of societal problems" (Barben et al., 2008, p. 982). Nanotechnology and nanoscience united efforts of governments, venture investors, NGOs, and small enterprises.Bainbridge (2004) explained th at there are two very different nanotechnology movements in existence today. One is closely tied to chemistry, physics and materials science, based in research institutions and working to create actual technical breakthroughs. The other is based largely in science fiction literature, but has a profound influence on the perspectives of people who are not scientists or engineers. Nanotechnology, according to N. Katherine Hayles (2004), has become a potent cultural signifier attracting scientific research, along with entrepreneurial interest, government funding and fictional speculation. It represents "not so much a theoretical breakthrough as a concatenation of previously known theories, new instrumentation, discoveries of new phenomena at the nano-level, and synergistic overlaps between disciplines that appear to be converging into a new transdisciplinary research front" (p.11). Nanotechnology is a relatively new field, but over the past decade it has already strongly influenced the reorganization of the disciplinary landscape of science and engineering worldwide (Schummer, 2007). It is an emergent field "taking form at the interstices of several fields of science and engineering" (Wajcman, 2008) (p. 816). Nanostructures have been studied in a variety of contexts throughout scientific history. Colloidal solutions, block copolymer microdomains, integrated circuits, scanning tunneling microscopes, the molecular and microstructure of steel and aluminum alloys, and the crystal structures of countless proteins and cellular structures provide just glimpses of the numerous nanostructures that chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and biologists have studied for decades (Ozin & Arsenault, 2005). Over the past decades, scientific investigations have grown increasingly broad and encompassing, with many research efforts relying on techniques and insights from neighboring fields to address ever more complex challenges and to pursue ever more enticing opportunities (Foster, 2009). Consequently, a new paradigm of truly interdisciplinary research has emerged that promises to accelerate the generation of knowledge not just at the nanoscale, but in the entire scientific endeavor. Whereas nanomaterials were before simply used and studied as a means to an end, now formally distinct communities of researchers have begun to study nanoscale phenomena as part of a dedicated research effort (Foster, 2009). Because nanoscience crosses such a wide range of disciplines, the challenges addressed, tools employed, and materials created are extensive. It is possible to create general distinctions based on a variety of classifications, though two methods

IB economics internal assessment portfolio Essay

IB economics internal assessment portfolio - Essay Example However, the proportion of investment to GDP remains relatively unchanged, during the period of higher economic growth. The service sector in China is growing exponentially, which is not accounted for while calculating the GDP and the sector plays a crucial role in Chinese economy. Consistently high investment rate in China implies high rates of domestic saving which are exceptional not only by international standards, but more particularly for an economy at China's level of per capita GDP. Gross domestic product is the total value of new goods and services produced in a given year within the borders of a country, regardless of by whom. It is "gross" in the sense that it does not deduct depreciation of previously produced capital, in contrast to Net domestic product. There is two ways of calculating GDP, i.e., Income approach and expenditure approach. The income approach takes into account the income earned by the citizen. Sometime it is more important than GDP if a country has much foreign direct investment and many foreigners work in the country. Although about 70% of its population lives in the rural area, China's economic growth depends very much on the rapid expansion of manufacturing and service sector rather than on the agriculture, except for the earlier phase of the 1980s. The value added of industrial sector has accounted for 45% of China's GDP, while that of agriculture only about 10% and still declines. This gives rise to growing rural urban income disparity. The inequality within China has had mainly spatial dimensions, in terms of growing income and consumption inequality between rural and urban areas as well as across regions. Aggregate demand curve is the graph of quantity demanded as a function of price, normally downward sloping, straight or curved, and drawn with quantity on the horizontal axis and price on the vertical axis. In macro economy, aggregate demand curve indicates the various quantities of goods and services that purchasers are willing to buy at different price levels. The aggregate is negatively related to price. The inverse relationship between price and the amount demanded of a specific commodity, reflects the fact that consumers turn to substitutes when a price increase makes a good more expensive. The aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because of wealth effect on the consumption, interest rate effect on investment and the exchange rate effect on the net export. The aggregate supply curve reflects how the price is determined given the aggregate demand to aggregate capacity. The short-run aggregate supply curve indicates the various quantities of goods and services that firms wil l supply at different price levels during the period immediately following a change in the price level. The aggregate supply curve is upward sloping because with an increase in output the price or inflation rate will increase. Changes in aggregate demand cause the curve to shift outward (to the right) or inward (to the left). Changes in aggregate supply cause the curve to shift outward (down) or inward (up). Meanwhile increase in output also indicates the increase in employment and thus the decrease in unemployment rate. The unemployment is an important problem of micro economic theory which is calculated by the ratio of unemployment to the total labour force. There is a significant relation between

Motivations Of Greed In Civil War Politics Essay

Motivations Of Greed In Civil War Politics Essay Civil war is a form of conflict and security threats which causes poverty and impedes growth and development, Civil war is the most common form of massive violence and is highly destructive to society, life and the economy. James D. Fearon (2006) explained civil war to be a violent conflict between organized groups within a country that are fighting over control of the government, one sides separatist goals, or some divisive government policy, it is an intrastate war fought as a result of a rising insurgence against the government. Most writers believe that not all conflicts are civil war, for a conflict to be recorded as a civil war, 1000 people must have been killed with at least 100 from each side. Every society is characterized by certain degree of conflict over economic services, political and civil rights, access to social services and employment opportunity. These conflicts are triggered by discrimination against specific group, region, religion, social class, ethnicity or a c ombination of any of these factors (Murshed and Addison). Civil wars are characterized by wide spread losses of lives more of which are civilian women and children, cases of rape and lawless society as the state power falls, powers are only with those holding weapons during war. Civil war has a huge economic impact on a nations economy as most of the resources are directed to destruction, skills are lost and the damage on the infrastructure cripples economic development and activity. For instance the loss of electricity supplies during war hinders production activities and transportation, the uncertainty that war brings, discourages investment, studies have shown that countries grow at approximately 2.2 percent slower during war than during peace. (Heo, 2007, p.11) The impact of civil war is largely influenced by the nature of the countrys economy. Countries with strategic resources such as diamonds and oil would have a higher impact on global economy compared to countries with limited resources i.e. the conflict in Iraq reduced oil production and caused the international price of oil to increase. Civil war is much more common than international war; most conflicts have occurred within the confines of a sovereign state and put two or more groups against the government or against one another, (Heo, 2007 p.12 and Collier and Sambanis, 2005). Civil war has been a major conflict since World War II, especially after decolonization of the British empires in certain region i.e. Africa. Since 1990s, there have been a large body of research on the causes of civil wars, the most popular understanding of the causes of civil war and results analyzed by economist are termed Greed and Grievance. In this paper we are going to look at some civil war since post -world war II, causes of civil war and the greed and grievance cause of civil wars. Some Civil Wars since Post- World War II Civil wars have been a major conflict since World War II. A total of 225 armed conflicts from 1946 to 2001 were recorded of which 163 were conflict that occurred between the government of a state and internal opposition groups without the intervention from other states. According to Heo (2007), full scale civil war started in Costa Rica in March 1948, when President Teodoro Picado Michalski prolonged the transfer of power after he lost the presidential election; there was a war with an estimated death of 1,000. 1956 to 1959 Cuban communist revolution and civil war took place, 5,000 lives were lost during the war. The fighting in Lebanon between several religious and political factions took place in 1958 and ended in 1959 with 1,300 deaths. After independence in 1960, tensions between the Turkish minority and the Greek majority increased in Cyprus, inter communal conflict and civil war took place from 1963 to1967, an approximate of 1,000 people died, (Heo, 2007, P.2-3). Nigeria also experienced civil war in the late 1967, an intrastate conflict between the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra and the Nigerian military government (Uppsala). Another war returned to Lebanon in 1975 to 1976 between the Christians and the Muslims, an approximate of 60,000 people died, the war continued in Lebanon at irregular intervals with many serious violent outbreak until 1992. Uganda experienced civil war from 1981-1994, as the revolt against the government established after the overthrow of Major General Idi Amin grew, it was the precursor for the war in Uganda, the war caused more than 500,000 lives. The insurgence against the Papua New Guinea government which started in Bougainville island in1988 took many lives, this crisis originated as a result of the growing concerns over the operation of the Panguna gold mine and copper. War continued in Cambodia when the extreme communist group was overthrown in 1979 by Vietnam, the nature of the war changed when the Vietname se withdrew in1989, (Heo, 2007, 3-4). Civil war continued throughout the world at different time in different region, but is said to be more common in some regions particularly the developing Asia (east and south Asia and Oceania), they have had a very high incidence of war from 1950 -2001. Latin America also witnessed a severe conflict in the 1980s and former Soviet Union in the 1990s. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was more bloodshed in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. But by the end of the 1990s, more people were being killed in sub-Saharan Africas war than in the other parts of the world put together, (Croker et al, 2007). Source: Uppsala conflict data programme 18/02/2010 Causes of Civil War Data has shown that conflicts are more common in low income Africa; Collier (2007) developed the notion of the conflict trap to understand why conflicts are highly centered in low income Africa. This traps which are: natural resource trap, the trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors, the conflict trap and the trap of bad governance in a small country, shows how different economic, social and political factors make a country vulnerable to civil wars. Global data analyzed by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler covering forty years to understand why some country at most times have overcome civil war, and why others could not, they used statistical approach to see what factor in a society can trigger civil war; this includes social factors (like inequality, ethnic and religious composition of the society), politics (the level of democratic political rights), history (like decolonization time) and economic factors (Collier 2004). The most dominant of all are economic factors, according to Collier (2004), there are three factors that could trigger civil war; a countrys rate of growth, the level of income and structure. If a country is poor and is dependent upon natural resource exports, the country is likely to experience a civil. Africa is one region with such economic characteristics and explains the reason for the high rate of civil war in Africa. Africa also has a large ethnic difference as most of the wars are fought amongst ethnic group e.g. the hutu and the Tutsi war in Rwanda. These conflicts can be traced to the power structure created by the colonial rulers as they grouped long-feuding tribes under the same national identity. The power passed on from the colonial masters made one group to rule over the other group which later turned to severe inter-tribal rivalry and has now turned into conflict. As tribalism grew, the fight for central power and control of natural resources increased, this was the c ase of democratic republic of Congo, Angola, Liberia and Sierra Leone as their greed grew for the control of natural resources (Rupesinghe and Anderlini, 1998) The greed cause of civil wars The greed causes of civil war are common amongst countries with lootable natural resource and are dependent on these resources. Collier (2004), explained that these natural resources yield what is termed rents- meaning making more profits that are higher than the normal level needed. The selfish desire to control these natural resources creates a politics of corruption and a politics of violence as these natural resources can also be used to finance opportunistic rebellions. According to Collier (2004), there are six ways by which natural resource rents can increase the risk of violence, four of which involves political economy and the other two are straight economy. The political economy involves the struggle to control the revenues from the natural resources, these rent-seeking shifts public funds from its original purpose of achieving all the necessities for the supply of public goods, providing low or no social and economic infrastructure that the society needs. The society loses twice as other resources are used frivolously in the struggle for resource rents and the provision for public goods drops. Nigeria provides a good example of this kind of politics for oil rents. Natural resources can also cause civil war by detaching the government. This is because governments that are rich in natural resources do not need other tax revenue from their electorates, unlike in some societies where electors pay high taxes and they question the government on how the tax money is used. (No taxation without representation). But this is indeed not the same with countries rich in natural resources; the government is able to disregard the interest of the population (No representation without taxation). Some society believes that the resource rents does not belong to the common people, hence the detachment. Mobutu of Zaire is a striking example of this detachment. Natural resources also leads to secessionist political movements as the inhabitants of that area might feel that their resources are being embezzled by corrupt and alien elite. Most African secessionist war has often been associated with natural resources; Kanga, Biafra and Cabinda are examples of such wars. The last political route by which natural resources can advocate civil war is that it provides funds used to finance rebel groups. Leaders can purchase arms and also pay recruits from the revenue gotten from these resources. Rebel groups have access to natural resources in different ways. One is to protect the company or exporters, to have their own extractive businesses; another is the concession of natural resource rights in anticipation to finally have control over the territory. The gangs in the Niger delta region of Nigeria, the rebels of Laurent Kabila in Zaire, the RUF in Sierra Leone, and the Sasson-Nguesso in Congo Brazzaville, are examples of rebels financed from the proceeds of natural resources. The work of Fearon (2004) concludes that civil war resulting from coup or revolutions tends to be short because the technology for coup depends on the weakness of the security apparatus. Whereas civil war involving natural resources or land tends to last longer, it can also last long if rebel groups have access to contraband goods like cocaine. The grievance cause of civil war This is a popular view that rebels are motivated by genuine and intense grievance; rebels are heroes fighting for justice. Based on analysis, rebellions are seen as a form of organized violence; both parties to civil war have different explanations for their actions. The rebel organization hires a public relations firm to help push their explanation for their movement and the opposition party would also hire a public relation firm. Most explanation from rebels groups are usually what Collier (2007) called the litany of grievances against the government for its oppression, unfairness, and perhaps victimization. This victimization could be on some area of the population that the rebel organization represents. Rebel movements are driven by intense violence, by the intense conditions of the rebels or the group they represent (Cited in Crocker et al, 2007). Berdal and Malone (2000) explained that rebels litany or narratives as they may call it are based on four factors which are; first economic inequality this involves unequal distribution of income, unequal allocation and ownership of resources and assets, unequal distribution of resources and anything that has to do with increasing poverty rather than reducing it would provide a fertile ground for insurgency and readily available combatants, this case was common in central Africa (Berdal and Malone, 2000; Murshed and Addison). The second narratives of grievance is based on religious or ethnic hatred; this also depends on the ethnic and religious composition of the state (ethnic and religious diversity), civil war caused by ethnic and religious difference has always been based on power, where the other group does not want the other group to rule over them as a result of perceived discrimination in public office, this was the case of the Northern Nigeria and self proclaimed Biafra in th e late 1960s, the Tutsi superiority and the Hutus inferiority in Rwanda as they both struggled to gain a place in the emerging democratic institution of the country (Uppsala). This can also be mere religious hatred, the war in Lebanon 1975 to 1976 between the Christians and the Muslims, such religious conflicts are happening in Nigeria till now. The third narrative of grievance is based on lack of political rights; if a government of a state is perceived to be autocratic, people would want to overthrow the government and this result to war in the fight for democracy, the insurgency in Romania is often regarded as a fight for democracy. The final narrative of grievance is based on government economic incompetence; according to Berdal and Malone (2000) if a government is seen to inflict sufficient economic misery on its population, it may face an uprising. This was the case in Uganda in the early 1980s; this is usually a case of mismanagement and a fallen state, Latin America, the for mer Soviet Union has suffered economic mismanagements. Corruption in these countries has also helped fuel conflict and prolonged misery on the population. The failure of the government to provide the needs of its people and security could lead them to rely on more ethnic ties which can trigger civil war as they fight over economic resources (Berdal and Malone, 2000; Murshed and Addison pg. 5). The interaction of greed and grievance Government and rebel groups may exploit civilians in other to fight a war or may fight a war in order to exploit civilians. The misery inflicted on civilians gradually creates their own justification like in Sudan; the misery inflicted on the civilians strengthened the civilians. The idea of civil war provides a suitable disguise both for greed and grievance. Rebels are thought by some economist to be opportunist and their grievances are most times deliberately forged. Some economist use the term predators of productive economic activities they believe that rebels are not heroes fighting for a reasonable cause but lust for powers and loots. Rebels use war as a means to exploit civilians, they may hope for government to commit atrocities which give them an opportunity to fight for a true or false cause. This group including the government officials, soldiers, and traders uses conflict period as an opportunity to plunder, Democratic republic of Congo and former Yugoslavia only to name but two among many are examples of such practice. For most people, conflict time is a time for them to make more money apart from their usual salaries, during warfare; money is gotten from those whose lives are spared from being massacred. War time may also lead to inflation which is very profitable for some as there may be trade restrictions from government and only those officials who are able to infraction the law can have their businesses going but at a very high cost. On the other hand, there might be no trade restriction as the states power falls during conflict, goods like drugs which were not allowed to be traded in the state would be traded during war, Cambodia and Burma in Asia, Sudan, Angola, Sierra Leone, and Somalia in Africa, Colombia and Peru in Latin America. War may also bring about exploitation as people are threatened to work cheaply or for free, there were cases like this in Sudan and Burma (Berdal and Malone, 2000 p. 29-30). It is very obvious that not all griev ance are true, some are just an end to a means. Conclusion Greed and grievance do play a major role in contemporary civil war, but one cannot truly measure between greed and grievance. Both greed and grievance work simultaneously to trigger civil, they both interact no matter which comes first greed or grievance the other follows, this is to say that greed triggers grievance and grievance triggers greed. Civil wars motivated by greed can be followed by genuine grievance as rebels fight for justice. people who do well out of war will not be particularly concerned at restoring peace while those who do not do well or are hurt badly will have an interest in restoring peace. As individuals in pursuit of different goals and objectives, there would always be a misunderstanding and conflict in one form or the other, Institutions have emerged to resolve civil conflicts and restore peace. Greed and grievance would therefore be irrelevant as long as these institutions called the social contract exist (Murshed).In Africa, conflict has helped bring about slow growth, poverty and underdevelopment, especially countries with natural resources which according to Fearon James are the reasons for the last longing conflicts in such countries especially in Africa. Countries should work hard to have strong institutions to restore peace within their state and international level as economic development is somewhat dependent on the level of peace and tranquility within the state.